Ubuningi be-molecular of air - determination

Inqwaba yamangqamuzana iboniswa ngokubalwa kwezibalo zama-athomu ezifaka i-molecule yendaba. Ngokuvamile kuboniswa ngo-amu, (amayunithi amaningi e-athomu), ngezinye izikhathi futhi kuthiwa i-dalton futhi ichazwa nguD. Ngama-1 amu. Namuhla kuthatha i-1/12 ye-mass C yama-athomu angu- ^{12 e-} carbon, okuyinto ngokwemitha eyi-1.66057.10 ^-27 kg.

Ngakho-ke, inqwaba ye - athomu yama- hydrogen, elingana no-1, ibonisa ukuthi i-athomu ye-hydrogen H ¹ izikhathi ezingu-12 zilula ngaphezu kwe-athomu ye-carbon C ¹² . Ukwandisa isisindo samangqamuzana sakhiwe samakhemikhali ngo-1.66057.10 ^-27 , sithola inani lobuningi be-molecule kilogram.

Ngokwenza, Nokho, sebenzisa inani elilula kakhulu Mn = M / D, lapho uM uyingqwaba ye-molecule ezinamayunithi amaningi afana noD. Inqwaba yamakhemikhali yomoya okhiqizwa emakunjini e-carbon is 16 x 2 = 32 (i-molecule yomoya-mpilo i-diatomic) . Ngendlela efanayo, izisindo zamangqamuzana zamanye amakhemikhali nazo zibalwa kubalwa kwamakhemikhali. Umthamo wamakhemikhali we-hydrogen, lapho i-molecule ibuye i-diatomic, ngokulandelana, 2 x 1 = 2.

Inqwaba yamangqamuzana iyisici esiyingqayizivele yesisindo se-molecule, sibheka ukubunjwa kwe-isotopi yazo zonke izakhi ezakha i-chemical substance. Le nkhomba ingabuyekezwa ingxube yezinto eziningana ezaziwayo. Ikakhulukazi, inqwaba yamangqamuzana emoyeni ingathathwa njengalingana no-29.

Esikhathini esidlule, umqondo we-molecule yesigamu wasetshenziswa ekhemistry. Namuhla lo mqondo uthatha indawo ye-molecule - inani lempahla equkethe inani lezinhlayiya (ama-molecule, ama-athomu, i-ions) alingana no-Avogadro njalo (6.022 x 10 ²³ ). Kuze kube manje, igama elithi "molar (molecular) isisindo" selubuye lisetshenziswe. Kodwa, ngokungafani nesisindo, okuxhomeke ekuxhumaneni kwezwe, ubukhulu bungumjikelezo ohlala njalo, ngakho-ke kusalungile ukusebenzisa le mqondo.

Inqwaba yomoya, kanye nezinye i-gesi, ingatholakala ngosizo lomthetho we-Avogadro. Lo mthetho uthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, inani elifanayo lama-molecule likhona eminyameni efanayo yegesi. Ngenxa yalokho, endaweni ethile yokushisa nokucindezela, i-molecule yegesi iyoba nomthamo ofanayo. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi lo mthetho unelisekile ngokuphelele kumagesi afanelekayo, imvukuzane yegesi equkethe ama-molecule angu-6.022 x 10 ²³ inomthamo wama-22.414 amalitha ku-0 ° C nokucindezelwa komkhathi owodwa.

Umthamo womoya wamanqamu noma nanoma yimiphi enye i-gaseous substances kanje. Ubuningi bomthamo wegesi owaziwayo wenziwa ngokucindezela okuthile nokushisa. Khona-ke, kulungiswa ukungafani kwegesi yangempela futhi, ngokusebenzisa i-equpe Clapeyron equkethe i-PV = RT, ivolumu inikezwa ezimweni zengcindezi yomkhathi owodwa no-0 ° C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwazi ukuthi ivolumu nobuningi ngaphansi kwezimo zegesi elihle, kulula ukubala ubuningi bama-22,414 amalitha omuthi omsulwa , Okungukuthi, isisindo sayo semisipha. Ngakho-ke, inqwaba yemvelo yomoya yayinqunywe.

Le ndlela inikeza izindinganiso ezinembile ezinembile yezixuku zamangqamuzana, ngezinye izikhathi ezisetshenziselwa ngisho nokuthola izibalo zamakhemikhali. Ukulinganisa okulinganiselwe kwesisindo samangqamuzana, igesi ngokuvamile libhekwa njengelungile, futhi akukho ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo okwenziwe.

Indlela engenhla ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukunquma izisindo zamangqamuzana eziphuzo ezinamandla.