I ukubaza Yenguquko: isithombe kanye nencazelo

Ukuqala Renaissance ezenzeka esikhathini ikota yokuqala yekhulu XIV. Ezalandela amathathu eminyaka, isiko Renaissance athuthukile ngesivinini, futhi kuphela namashumi okugcina eminyaka yawo ngekhulu XVI bekulokhu ukwehla. Isici evelela Yenguquko ngalolo isiko zonke guises yayo egqoka uhlamvu wokuziphilisa, ngesikhathi wabusa anthropocentrism, ukuthi osemuva ungumuntu, izithakazelo zakhe nemisebenzi yakhe njengoba ngesisekelo khona. Sokuthuthwa kwempahla Yempucuko emphakathini European kwakukhona isithakazelo eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Ukubonakaliswa ebonakalayo kakhulu isiko Renaissance kwaba isitayela "Renaissance" e izakhiwo. Kubaluleka izakhiwo, savela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ibuyekeziwe, ivamile ukusithatha amafomu ezingalindelekile.

Renaissance izakhiwo

I ukubaza Yenguquko akazange ekuqaleni okwamanje ayifunwanga. indima yabo kwaba kungagcini umhlobiso oda yezakhiwo: bas-imifanekiso kwi cornices, bofeleba, friezes futhi inthanethi. Ukuqala Renaissance besihambisana nesiminyaminya ithonya isitayela Romanesque Umklamo izakhiwo yezakhiwo, kanye nesitayela kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa imidwebo odongeni, ebaziwe isetshenzisiwe eside ikakhulukazi umhlobiso mbumbulu. Ngakho, kwakungekho isitayela "Renaissance" in the izakhiwo, ubunye izifunda classic kanye aesthetics entsha. Phakathi Renaissance mbumbulu wabaphakamisa eziqoshiwe. Painting namatshe aqoshiwe Yenguquko babé yinto iyingxenye ebalulekile izakhiwo. yasezindongeni yobuciko babekwa phakathi ukubaza e yemabula neyethusi.

Umklamo we High Renaissance

Ukuvela of the Renaissance emkhakheni kwamasiko kwasekuqaleni abathintekayo izakhiwo. Umklamo we High Renaissance yasungulwa eRoma, lapho ngemuva kwesikhathi esandulele ngaqala ukwakha isitayela kazwelonke. Izakhiwo uvele ubukhulu obubabazekayo, izibambe nobleness nezimpawu monumentality. Izindlu eRoma yayakhiwa isimiso wesimethri liphakathi-Axial. Umuntu owasungula le isitayela esisha kwaba D'Angelo Donato Bramante, umakhi abanamakhono owadala Basilica iSt sikaPetru eVatican.

ukuxhumana izitayela

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ebaziwe Renaissance waqala ukuthatha amafomu ngekutimela. Ukuqala izithombe ezifana ukubeka umqophi Italian Vilidzhelmo ukuthi ukudala imifanekiso ukuze lombhishobhi ekhatsi Modena, kakhulu lwajula umfanekiso iqembu sculptural odongeni, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, kuvele Umsebenzi wokuzijamela yobuciko ephathelene ne-odongeni ngokungaqondile kuphela. ebaziwe yonke ncike odongeni, kepha hhayi ngaphezulu. Kube isigqi ashukumisayo, ilungiselelo eziqoshiwe phakathi buttresses ungeze isipiliyoni kungakhathaliseki imvelo. izakhiwo zasendulo kanye eziqoshiwe the Renaissance ngokwethukela yokuhamba kwami, kodwa zalondoloza ubuhlobo. Noma kunjalo, ukwelekelela nomunye.

kwezithombe Yenguquko, futhi zonke Khona uhlukane indiza odongeni. Kwakuyisikhathi nqubo engokwemvelo yokufunda ukuphila yokusesha entsha. Ukukhululwa Kancane Kancane amafomu amaplastiki indiza yezakhiwo phezu ukuvela imigqa eziningana ezimele yobuciko sculptural.

Okugweda Famous Yenguquko

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka zomlando, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "Revival", ebaziwe lithole isimo art okusezingeni eliphezulu. Nokubaluleka okungokomlando kuka atholwe XVI Okugweda Lokudabuka European, okuyilezi:

• Andrea Verrokko;
• Beserra Gaspar;
• Nanni Di Banco;
• Bashele Nikolya;
• Santi Gucci;
• Nicolo di Donatello;
• Giambologna;
• Desiderio da Settignano;
• Jacopo della Quercia;
• Arnolfo di Cambio;
• Mikelandzhelo Buonarotti;
• Ian Pfister;
• Luca della Robbia;
• Andrea Sansovino;
• Benvenuto Cellini;
• Domenico Fancelli.

I Okugweda edume kunayo Renaissance - kuyinto:

• Mikelandzhelo Buonarotti;
• Donatello;
• Benvenuto Cellini.

I ukubaza eziphawuleka kakhulu ngeNkathi Yenguquko kwaphuma ngaphansi ishizolo senkosi consummate.

I-Florentine abadumile

Niccolò di Betto Bardi Donatello, umsunguli we-portrait sculptural kubhekwa umqophi enengqondo kunazo isikhathi wakhe, enqaba esilula "enhle" kwezobuciko. Kanye isitayela namaqiniso, ukuthi wayeyingcweti zabuna lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. Omunye yobuciko by Donatello kuyinto esifanekisweni sokhuni uMariya Magdalena (1434, Florence okubhapathiza). owesifazane eside-onezinwele ezimhloshana ewuthi lokuvungula ubudala uvezwa ngokuqiniseka elishaqisayo. Ubunzima bokuphila kubonakala ebusweni unkom 'idlayodwa ewuthi lokuvungula.

Enye ebaziwe imisebenzi amakhosi amakhulu - "INkosi uDavide", okuyinto isendaweni olungaphambili lwesonto umbhoshongo ngu Giotto e Florence. Statue ezenziwe ngemabula eSt George siyaqhubeka waseBhayibhelini indaba ephathwayo umqophi kuqalile kusuka umfanekiso St. Mark e zemabula. Esikhathini chungechunge efanayo ebaziwe St. Ioanna Krestitelya.

Kusukela eminyakeni 1443 kuya 1453 Donatello wahlala Padua, lapho edala esifanekisweni Equestrian "Gattamelata" nge umfanekiso condottiere Erasmo de Narni.

Ngo-1453 wabuyela edolobheni lakubo omkhulu eFlorence, lapho ahlala khona waze washona ngo-1466.

Benvenuto Cellini

Vatican enkantolo umqophi Benvenuto Cellini wazalwa ngo-1500 emndenini abenzi iKhabhinethi. Kuthathwa umlandeli banomkhuba - ukugeleza, libonise isitayela amafomu abukise yobuciko. Ikakhulu Ngasebenza zethusi ekusakazeni. I ebaziwe edume kunazo Cellini:

• "Nymph ka Fontainebleau" - impumuzo lethusi, waphonsa ngo-1545, manje Louvre Paris.
• "Perseus" - Florence, Loggia dei Lanzi.
• Bust ka Kozimo Medichi - Florence, Bargello.
• "Apollo futhi Hyacinth" - Florence.
• Bust ka Bindo Altoviti - Florence.
• "Ukubethelwa" - Escorial, 1562.

umqophi Omkhulu Benvenuto Cellini wahlanganyela womshini izimpawu isimo, imiklomelo kanye uhlamvu imiklamo. Yena, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wayengumuntu ngamagugu abahlakaniphe kakhulu futhi kuphumelele eVatican. Pope ngaphambilini Benvenuto amagugu.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Wayeyisazi Renaissance umqophi, umbhali wencwadi imisebenzi okungenakufa yemabula neyethusi Mikelandzhelo Buonarroti wazalwa ngo 1475 edolobheni elincane Tuscan ka Caprese. Ifa sculptural ithuluzi umfana wafunda ngaphambi kokubhala kanye ukufunda. Eminyakeni 13, Michelangelo weza ukufunda nge umdwebi Girlandayo Domeniko. Khona-ke, wayebonisa ikhono lakhe neyaziwayo Lorentso De 'Medici, le-Florentine wohlanga olukhulu. kangcono Noble isiyibhobhodleyana.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-amabili Buonarroti zakha imifanekiso eveza ezimbalwa emnyango arched yeSonto St Dominic e Bologna. Khona-ke wabaza ukubaza ezimbili ( "Sleeping Cupid" futhi "St Johannes") ngoba umshumayeli Dominican uGirolamo Savonarola. Ngemva konyaka, Michelangelo Yayicelwe Cardinal Raffaele Riario ukusebenza eRoma. Kube umqophi kudala "Roman Pieta" futhi "Bacchus".

ERoma, Buonarroti has oda ezimbalwa ukuthi amasonto ababhishobhi ezahlukene kanye namasonto, futhi 1505 uPapa uJulius II inikeza kuye nomsebenzami - ukwenza esethuneni Bungcwele bakhe. Mayelana leyo miyalo ebalulekile ukukhonza Michelangelo e Carrara, lapho afike achitha khona izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha, ngokukhetha zemabula efanelekayo ethuneni uPapa.

Ukuze ethuneni we umqophi ukwenze eziqoshiwe zemabula ezine: 'Inceku Dying "," kuLeya: "" kaMose "nokunye" inceku Bound ". Kusukela 1508 kuze kube sekupheleni 1512 Buonarroti wasebenza phezu nemidwebo ye eSistine Chapel. Ngo-1513, ngemva kokufa uJulius II, umqophi eyalwa Dzhovanni Medichi enkulu ekwakhekeni esifanekisweni kaKristu ngesiphambano.

I umqophi omkhulu Yenguquko Michelangelo Buonarroti washona ngo 1564 eRoma. Wembelwa Basilica Florence sika Santa Croce.

"Chinkvichento"

Esikhathini isithombe mazombe seragelo Yempucuko organically ukulingana phakathi High Renaissance. Kwabe sekufika elithi "chinkvichento", okusho ukuthi "ukuba sezingeni eliphakeme." Le nkathi ukuthatha-off eyathatha iminyaka engamashumi amane. Wasinika yobuciko zezwe, ezihlala isikhashana elalibhalwe unomphela izibhebhe art okusezingeni eliphezulu. Portrait of Mona Lisa futhi "I ukuthiwa iSidlo Sokugcina" kaLeonardo da Vinci sika "eSistine Madonna" by Raphael, "uDavide" Mikelandzhelo Buonarroti - lezi kanye nezinye imisebenzi kuhlobisa amahholo iminyuziyamu ehlonishwayo.

umqophi Italy Andrea Sansovino (1467-1529 GG.) - omunye abameleli ovelele High Renaissance. Umsebenzi wokuqala Sansovino Laliwumhlobiso ubumba ze-altare ukuze ibandla Santa Agata isithombe St Sebastian, Roch noLawrence. Andrea iqembu efanayo sculptural ezibaziweyo altare esontweni iSan Spirito e Florence. High Renaissance Sculpture Inkulumo ezahlukene ezingokomoya futhi abanye Ukungena ekhethekile.

Verokko Andrea

Kuyinto umqophi odumile we ekuseni Renaissance Uchitel uLeonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli futhi Petro Perudzhino. Isihloko oyinhloko lokusungula Verrocchio ukuthi sculpting, endaweni yesibili - Umdwebo. Andrea kwaba umqondisi owaziwayo enkantolo amabhola nomklami abanamakhono. Ukuqopha High Renaissance empeleni yaqala nge umsebenzi Verrocchio.

Umdwebi wasebenza isikhathi eside ngesikhathi Florence. Zadalelwa ngoba itshe eliyinhloko-Florentine wohlanga olukhulu Kozimo Medichi ke phezu engamashumi amabili, lo umqophi wasebenza phezu ingoma "ongabazayo uThomase." UDavide, esifanekisweni abadumile sidalwe Verrocchio e 1476. Bronze esifanekisweni yayihloselwe ukuhlobisa Villa Medici, kodwa Giuliano noLorenzo eyayizizwa ingakufanelekeli ngihlonipheke omkhulu onje, futhi wanikeza ebaziwe ku Palazzo della Signoria e Florence. ngaleyo ndlela ebaziwe Ezinhle Kakhulu Okuqala Renaissance, wathola indawo yayo. Emizini yabazalwane bazama hhayi ukugcina izingcezu eliyingqayizivele lobuciko. Ayikho ingabi yigugu ngokuya art okusezingeni eliphezulu wayebuye ngasekupheleni Renaissance. Umfanekiso obunjiwe Benvenuto Cellini "Perseus" kubhekwa wobuciko okungenakuqhathaniswa ngasekupheleni Renaissance.