ICongress of Berlin ngo-1878

Kuphumelele zihlasela futhi wonke umuntu ephoqeleka aseBalkan amasosha Russian phakathi nempi Russian-Turkish, okuyinto eyenzeka eminyakeni 1877-1878, ophoqelelwe uhulumeni Turkish ukuthumela abameleli babo siqu ukuxolelana. Umphumela waba ukusayinwa iSivumelwano Berlin.

Ngaphansi imigomo iSivumelwano San Stefano kwamiswa geqe - the Bulgaria Omkhulu, ogama indawo enwetshiwe kusukela oLwandle Olumnyama kuya oLwandle i-Aegean. Turkey kwadingeka ukuba ahoxise wonke amasosha ayo kuwo. Ukuze Russia ukubuyela ezweni Akkerman esifundeni eBessarabia, eyayihunyushwe uyasuswa ngenxa 1856 ngesikhathi Paris Ukuthula Treaty, futhi Izmail wesifunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sihlinzekela nokubuyiselwa izindleko zempi. Nokho, Berlin Congress akakunikanga ithuba ukuba nizifeze zonke izimo kwangaphambilini eRussia.

Ngo-England nase-Austria-Hungary izimo ezinjalo zibangelwa intukuthelo kakhulu. Kusukela bamba waseConstantinople futhi eStraits kwakuyiphupho osekukade of England, wayengenayo imali ukuze uthole ngaphambi ngokwabo Russian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni waseBrithani wesabela ukuthi ukufakwa Bulgaria e ngokuya ihogela ithonya kuzosiza Russia ube namandla amakhulu iMedithera. Kodwa ngokushesha umemezele ukuthi uhulumeni wamaNgisi ngeke ukwamukela imigomo ukuthula evumelekile.

Endaweni efanayo sathathwa nendluzula Avsto Hungary, baqala ukuthutha amasosha kuze kube semngceleni Russian. Bekanye England, safuna nokudluliswa nezindaba "zonke izisekelo owandulelayo ukuthula" kuya Berlin Congress wayecabange kwaba nengqungquthela yomhlaba wonke. Russia wazithola e isimo sokungabi nathemba, ngoba impi uthuthuva eNgilandi kungaholela imiphumela eyinhlekelele, futhi wethemba lweJalimane yayiyize, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwaba Bismarck baqhatha Russia wayokulwa Turkey. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi simo, iCongress of Berlin, okwakubekelwa obize ngo-1878.

Juni 13, 1878 i-International Congress wavulwa e-Berlin. Abahlanganyeli wenza kulamazwe alandelayo: Russia, eJalimane, eNgilandi, Turkey,-Austria-Hungary, i-Italy, i-United Balkan neFrance. 'Boss' azenzile, yebo, Bismarck.

Umzabalazo zamanxusa sasishubile kakhulu. ISivumelwano Berlin wakwazi ngemvume ngenyanga eyodwa nje emva kuvulwa ingqungquthela.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izigaba eziyinhloko ngesinqumo weCongress ziye kubekiwe esivumelwaneni phakathi kwamaNgisi namaRashiya, imingcele Bulgaria ayengavunyelwe kuchazwe ngokucacile. Leli phuzu kwakubaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke amalungu we Congress, njengoba maqembu Balkan babe ukubaluleka sina zamasu.

ENgilandi, futhi nalo, futhi-Austria-Hungary, hhayi ngaphandle lweJalimane wenze izinguquko eziphawulekayo nemibandela kwalesi sivumelwano San Stefano, kodwa kwaba disadvantageous kakhulu izizwe Slavic. ISivumelwano Berlin kwaba ukuthi Bulgarian ubukhulu kuyoba Nokho ezimele, kodwa selikhonza, territorially engavimba ezintabeni Bulgarian. Ingxenye eseningizimu wathola ukuzimela ngokwengxenye kuyilapho ingxenye yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Omunye umphumela waba ukubuya Macedonia sekubusa Turkey.

ICongress of Berlin ngo-1878 waqinisekisa ukuzimela yeRomania, iSerbia neMontenegro. -Austria-Hungary ekupheleni izingxoxo usezuze ilungelo hlala Bosnia and Herzegovina, futhi phakathi amasimu kula mazwe esethula amabutho Austro-Hungarian. Ngakho, amandla wayefuna ukuvimbela ama-ubunye lithi Slav angomakhelwane. Ukulawula ugu lweNyakatho Montenegro futhi inikeza Empire Austro-Hungarian. Iminikelo, okuyinto onikezwe Turkey, lawela kwezigidi ezingu-300. Ruble. Russia wathola kuphela Kardagan, Batum futhi Kars, Bajazet wabuyela Turkey.

Berlin Congress redrew ibalazwe of eNhlonhlweni Yamazwe AseBalkan , futhi ngaleyo ndlela emenza izingxabano eziningi kule isiqephu sezwe kunesimo ngamazwe jikelele kuye kwayibhebhethekisa. Ngisho nangemva kokuba ukukhululwa kuka uthi Balkan akazange adele ukulinga kube enkundleni lapho imbangi yemibuso emikhulu yaseYurophu.