KumiswaIzilimi

Igama oda kanye division langempela lomusho. Lesi sigaba langempela umusho ngolimi lwesiNgisi

Ezinye imishwana nemisho kusho okuhluke ngokuphelele kulokho okwenzeka kuma-kwalokho amazwi alula kodwa wasebenzisa. Kungani nje ngesigwebo esifanako lingaqondakala ngezindlela ezahlukene, uma kabusha nokugqamisa umcondvo izwi elilodwa nomunye? Uma uhlelo in umongo amazwi ezizungezile ngokuvamile ukunikeza izincazelo ezisiza ukuba aphanjaniswe. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi esiphethweni esinembile, kunzima kakhulu ukukwenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kube inkimbinkimbi kakhulu bezibona ulwazi, ngoba kudinga umzamo kakhulu emalini esele ezindaweni izingcezu imisho nemishwana. Banikezwe izinkinga izyasneniya kanye nombono, siba nengxenye-syntax kanye division langempela lomusho.

Uma ungenalo baqonde hambisa, a ingxenye umusho kuyinto eyinhloko okuyinto - engaphansi, ngaloko lokushiwo sikhulumi owenza isitatimende ngesisekelo amaqiniso aziwayo kakade, futhi afuna nilethe njengomnikelo ulwazi oluyingqayizivele - ngeke isebenze kungekho sifunde ngokudlulisa amehlo noma umile inkhulumomphendvulwano interlocutor. Ngakho-ke, ukwethula kangcono qondanisa amagama abo nabanye imithetho kanye nezinkambiso esungulwe eziyizici Ulimi olusetshenziswa. Nayo kolunye uhlangothi, inqubo nokwenziwa kuyoba lula uma ujwayelene izimiso yefomu okunengqondo misebenzi futhi izenzakalo ezivamile.

Syntax futhi Isemanthikhi

Singasho ukuthi ukwahlukana langempela yomusho - lena uxhumano ngekulandzelana ukugcizelela, kunalokho, izyasnenie zabo noma ukuthola. Ukungaboni ngaso linye ngokuvamile kuphakama lapho bexhumana nabantu, ngisho ngolimi lwabo, futhi uma kuziwa ukuthengiselana nge olunye ulimi, kubalulekile, ngaphezu nezindaba ejwayelekile acabangele ukungefani kwamasiko. Ngezilimi ezahlukene ngokwesiko obusa ethile izwi oda kanye division langempela kwemusho kufanele nakekela emasiko ebucayi.

Uma sicabanga lwezigaba ezibanzi, zonke izilimi zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: zokwenziwa kohlaziyo. Ngo zokwenziwa izilimi, ezingxenyeni eziningi inkulumo babe amafomu eziningana izwi, ezembula izici ngamunye into, umcimbi noma isenzo maqondana okwenzekayo. Amabizo, isibonelo, amagugu umndeni, umuntu, inombolo bese icala; I-tento lezi yizinkomba izikhathi, Nokwehla nokuthambekela, lokuhlanganisa, ephelele futhi t. d. Izwi ngamunye ophela noma isijobelelo (futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinguquko lwemibhalo impande) elihambisana umsebenzi wenziwa, okuvumela morphemes nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emshweni. isiRashiya kuyinto zokwenziwa, ngoba yikuphi ukuhlakanipha syntax imishwana ngokwezinga elikhulu esekelwe kokuhlukana ka morpheme, futhi inhlanganisela kunokwenzeka e ngokuphelele nganoma yikuphi ukuhleleka.

Kukhona futhi izilimi uwedwa igama ngalinye oluhambisana ifomu elilodwa kuphela, kanye nencazelo kusho kungase kudlule kuphela ngokusebenzisa izindlela yokukhuluma besigaba langempela umusho njengoba inhlanganisela efanele futhi ukulandelana kwamagama. Uma kabusha izindawo sesiphakamiso, incazelo kungaba kakhulu ukushintsha ngoba wephule uxhumano ngqo emkhatsini wetincenye teluhlaka. Ulimi kohlaziyo amafomu inkulumo izwi kungenzeka, kodwa isibalo sabo sincane ngokuvamile ephansi kakhulu kunalokho zokwenziwa. Lapha kukhona ebucayini phakathi amazwi unchangeability isandla fixed izwi oda nokuvumelana nezimo, ukuhamba, ukucabanga mutual.

Word - ibinzana - umusho - umbhalo - isiko

division yamanje kanye lolimi zalomusho kusho ukuthi cishe ulimi kunezici ezimbili - lokuqala, incazelo, okungukuthi, isakhiwo okunengqondo, kanti okwesibili - isibonisi uqobo, okusho ukuthi isakhiwo syntactic. Lokhu kusebenza ngendlela efanayo izakhi abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene - amazwi ngazinye, imishwana, ibinzana turnovers iziphakamiso umongo iziphakamiso ukuze umbhalo uwonke futhi ngokomongo walo. Okubaluleke ngokuyinhloko kuba umthwalo semantic - I-kusobala ukuthi, ngokwengxenye enkulu, lokhu ngenhloso eyodwa ulimi. Nokho, isithombe langempela ngeke kube khona eceleni, njengoba yena, injongo kwayo - ukuqinisekisa ukudluliswa lesifanele ngalokuvakalako lomthwalo semantic. Isibonelo sasendulo esaziwa kakhulu? "Izibiliboco, amabhlogi". In the version English, kungaba kuzwakale lokhu: «Ukubulawa Akwamukelekile ke obviation» ( «Ukubulawa, Akwamukelekile ke obviation», «Ukubulawa Akwamukelekile ke, obviation»). Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kahle imiyalelo ezidingekayo ukuze sithole ukuthi amalungu samanje iqembu "abulale", "asikwazi okuvukela kwakhe kuxolelwe," noma iqembu "Awukwazi akhiphe," "Lokhu kuxolelwa".

Kulesi simo, akunakwenzeka ukuphetha ngaphandle izinkomba syntactic - okungukuthi, ngaphandle ukhefana noma yimuphi omunye zokuloba. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngoba oda akhona amagama, kodwa uma okuthenjiswayo ifana "Awukwazi akhiphe ukuxolelwa", okukhiphayo elihambisana kungase kwenziwe ngesisekelo indawo yabo. Khona-ke "isigwebo" kungaba ubufakazi ngqo, kodwa 'akunakwenzeka ukusithethelela »- isitatimende ehlukile, ngoba kwakuzosho ukuthi kumelwe gone ubumbaxambili isimo igama elithi" abakwazi ".

Ingcikitsi rheme division iyunithi

Lesi sigaba langempela kwemusho libhekisela ukwehlukana isakhiwo syntactic tincenye okunengqondo. Zingase ukumela noma umusho noma izigaxa munye ngaphakathi okushiwo amazwi. Ngokuvamile, la magama asetshenziswe njengoba isihloko, rheme iyunithi nokuhlukanisa, ukuchaza izindlela besigaba langempela lomusho. Isihloko - lena Imininingwane aziwayo, noma isizinda umlayezo. INsalela - lena ingxenye lapho kugxilwa. Uqukethe ulwazi olubalulekile, ngaphandle lapho isiphakamiso sasiyolahlekelwa injongo. NgesiRashiya, Remus, njengoba umthetho, uku ekugcineni kwemusho. Nakuba kungaziwa kahle, eqinisweni, iNsalela kungenziwa akhiwe kuphi. Nokho, lapho iNsalela itholakala, isibonelo, ekuqaleni isigwebo, in the imishwana ezizungezile ngokuvamile zitholakala noma inkomba wesitayela noma semantic kuso.

Nencazelo efanele kwaleso sifundvo lubuye theorem kusiza ukuqonda okushiwo umbhalo. Amayunithi division - amagama noma imishwana ngaphakathi kokuchaza indivisible. Izakhi ukuthi ugcwalise imininingwane isithombe. nokuqashelwa kwabo njengenhlangano esemthethweni kuyadingeka ukuqonda umbhalo akuyona izwi ngezwi, kodwa ngo-inhlanganisela okunengqondo.

"Kunengqondo" kuncike futhi 'okunengqondo "umphelelisi

Ngo isiphakamiso kukhona njalo iqembu isihloko kanye iqembu isilandiso. Iqembu ukuba kuchazwe, owenza isenzo, noma othile uchaza isilandiso (uma isilandiso eveza isimo). Iqembu isilandiso uthi kwenza isihloko, noma ngandlela-thile lembula yobuntu bakhe. Kukhona ibhekwa ukuthi unamathele isilandiso - lisho into noma into ephilayo ehambahambayo isenzo ukuba. Futhi akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze aqonde ukuthi yini ndaba, futhi ukuthi ngaphezu. Isihloko e izwi yokwenziwa ibhekwa okunengqondo - okungukuthi into lapho isenzo wenziwa. A kwalokho okunengqondo iba i-ejenti - okungukuthi, umuntu owenza isenzo. Lesi sigaba langempela umusho ngolimi lwesiNgisi ihlukanisa zindlela ezintathu ngalo ungakwazi uqinisekise ukuthi isihloko, futhi lokho umphelelisi. Okokuqala, isihloko wayehlale evumelana isenzo umuntu kanye nenombolo. Okwesibili, ngokuvamile kuthatha isikhundla phambi isenzo, futhi ngaphezu - emva. Okwesithathu, it has indima semantic tesifundvo. Kodwa uma empeleni kuphambene ezinye zalezi zindlela, kwasekuqaleni is kunakwe nokungaguquki ibinzana isenzo. Kulokhu, kwalokho ibizwa ngokuthi ngesihloko esithi "okunengqondo", futhi isihloko, ngokulandelana, "umphelelisi ngokuhleleka okunengqondo. '

Izingxabano phezu yokwakheka iqembu isilandiso

Futhi, division langempela kwemusho kuphakamisa kukhulunywe kangaka phezu kuyini nokuthi isilandiso iqembu - ngqo isenzo, noma isenzo nezinye izakhamzimba ephathelene nalokho. It is nzima ngenxa yokuthi phakathi kwazo ngezinye izikhathi akukho imingcele ecacile. Ngo yezilimi zanamuhla bazitshela ukuthi isilandiso, kuncike lwetakhi telulwimi isikimu iziphakamiso - noma isenzo langempela (isenzo esikhulu), noma langempela isenzo elisizayo simokwenta (simokwenta nezinsizasenzo), noma isenzo-copula futhi yekwenta kanye asele akufakiwe eqenjini.

Inversions, tisho isisho njengoba kombhala

Umqondo, okuyinto kumele lidlulise ngezihlongozo zethu njalo ukuphinde ngigxilise ingqondo emihlanganweni iphuzu elithile. Lesi sigaba langempela kwemusho kuhloswe ukuba aqaphele ukuthi kuleli qophelo isiqongo futhi kufanele agcizelele. Uma nangezindlela ezihlukahlukene okungalungile, kungase kube ukudideka noma ukungaqondi umbono. Yiqiniso, ngolimi, zikhona imithetho ethile lolimi Nokho, ngokushesha baqalaza kuphela ukuchaza imigomo ejwayelekile kwetinhlavu izakhiwo kanye asetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa isifanekiso. Uma kuziwa ilungiselelo okunomqondo nangezindlela, ngokuvamile siyaphoqeleka ukuba ushintshe isakhiwo izitatimende, ngisho noma kuphambene nemithetho imfundo. Futhi eziningi zalezi syntax kwehlukana kusukela kuyinsakavukela ngiye ngazuza isimo 'olusemthethweni. Okungukuthi, ayemisa ngokwabo ngolimi, futhi kabanzi inkulumo normative. imihlola Okufanayo kwenzeka lapho bekhipha umbhali kusuka asesebenzisa izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokweqile nzima, futhi nxa ilitshe ngokwanele olungisisa izindlela. Ngenxa yalokho, it is okucetshiswe imiva beba wehlukile.

Ezinye umfutho idiomicheskie ebandleni bekungekhe kukghonakale okudlulisela ejwayelekile ezisebenza ilungu izipesheli. Ngokwesibonelo, division langempela kwemusho ngesiNgisi uyakucabangela mkhuba kombhala kwemusho. Kuye umphumela oyifunayo kufinyelelwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngomqondo jikelele, i kombhala kusho amalungu ukunyakaza ku-non-core endaweni. Njengomthetho, inversions abahlanganyeli isihloko nesilandiso. inqubo yabo evamile ngalendlela lelandzelako - isihloko, bese isilandiso ke kwalokho kanye nesimo. Eqinisweni ezakhiwe interrogative nazo inversions ngomqondo othile ingxenye isilandiso idluliselwe phambili. Ngokuvamile, anti-umuzwa ingxenye yayo idluliswe, okuyinto ungaboniswa eyisibonelo noma isenzo asizayo. I kombhala lapha zonke umgomo ofanayo - ukwenza ukugcizelela enenjongo igama elithile (noma iqembu amazwi), nakani umfundi / isilaleli imininingwane eqondile izitatimende, ukubonisa ukuthi lesi sicelo somshado lihlukile ukwamukelwa. Vele lezi zinguquko eside kangaka likhona, ngakho ngokwemvelo ke eziphendulwa umoya zaqala ukusetshenziswa futhi kabanzi ngakho wasebenzisa asibe sisaba thokozisa them okuthile ongavamile.

Kwabiwa Rematicheskoe amalungu yesibili

Ngaphandle evamile kuncike-isilandiso kombhala, kungabonwa Wethula ephambili noma yiliphi ilungu umusho - ncazelo, izimo noma izithasiselo. Ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala zemvelo ngokuphelele futhi inikeza uhlaka syntactic elulwimini, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukhonza njengomdala inkomba zokushintsha indima semantic, futhi kufaka permutation asele ibinzana abahlanganyeli. Lesi sigaba langempela umusho ngolimi lwesiNgisi kusho ukuthi, uma ngabe umbhali kuyadingeka ukugxila noma iyiphi imininingwane, usibeka endaweni yokuqala, uma iphimbo asikwazi akhethiwe, noma uma ungakwazi ukugqamisa, kodwa ubumbaxambili kungenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Noma uma ngabe umbhali awulona umphumela ngokwanele, okuyinto ingatholakala by Ukukhetha buviyoviyo. Kuyinto ngokuvamile e ngesisekelo lolimi lowo permutation kwaleso sifundvo lubuye senzo.

ukuhleleka kwamagama emshweni

Ukuze ukhulume tinhlobo letehlukene inversions njengendlela ukugqamisa le noma kuleyo ngxenye isiphakamiso kufanele kubhekwe indinganiso izwi oda kanye division langempela kwemusho nge ejwayelekile, indlela lelingantjintji. Njengoba amalungu ngokuvamile aqukethe amagama ambalwa, kodwa incazelo yabo kumele aqondwe kuphela aggregate, kuzomele futhi kuqashelwe njengoba azakhele ilungu ebalulekile.

Endabeni ejwayelekile, isihloko njalo kuza phambi isilandiso. Singasho esashiwo ibizo noma isabizwana esimweni esivamile, gerund, kwekusebentisa, kanye , umushwana okhonzile. Isilandiso uzwakalise ngokoMthetho isenzo ifomu kwekusebentisa uqobo; ngokusebenzisa isenzo, hhayi yenethiwekhi ngokwawo umuzwa ethile ne ukwengeza isenzo semantic; emva isenzo asizayo futhi igama emelelwa, njengoba umthetho, ibizo esimweni esivamile, esebenzisa isabizwana esithi, esimweni umgomo, noma isiphawulo. Njengoba i asizayo isenzo isenzo umsipha noma eyisibonelo isenzo ikani. ingxenye Okuzisholo kungase ngokulinganayo kahle luboniswe kwezinye izingxenye inkulumo nemishwana.

Inani sezikhalazo imishwana

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela division langempela kwemusho lithi iyunithi division, kuchazwe kahle, kakhulu Kuyasiza ukwazi okushiwo umbhalo. Inhlanganisela amagama angakuthola entsha, ababezibheka, noma ukhetha ukungabuthinti nhlobo eyinqaba kubo wedwa okuqondiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, bondzaweni, tento njalo ukushintsha okuqukethwe, basinikeza sebuningini namanani ahlukene, kuze okuphambene. Ukuzimisela, njengokuthi imaphi angasebenza ingxenye ehluke ngokuphelele yokukhuluma, ngisho lekhontile ecacisa incazelo yegama elithi, kuwo enamathiselwe. Concretization ngokuvamile kukhawulela uhla izakhiwo into noma umcimbi, futhi iyahlule nenqwaba okunjalo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, yilelo nalelo libe nesigaba langempela umusho kumele kwenziwe ngokucophelela futhi kahle ngoba ngezinye izikhathi ukuxhumeka ezisontekile ukuze futhi kusulwe isikhathi ukuthi isihloko noma ehlanganyele noma isiphi isigaba, sithembele kuphela ingxenye umusho, okuningi sisehlukanisa iqiniso langempela.

Iyunithi division kusengathiwa block umbhalo okuyinto kungenzeka ngaphandle kokulahleka ubudlelwane zesimo kunqunywe ngokusebenzisa hermeneutic - okungukuthi, okuyinto, osebenza njengokuvimbelayo ebalulekile olulodwa, noma kungenzeka bahumusha adlulisiwe. Inani layo kungenziwa buqina, ngokukhethekile, noma ibekwe ezingeni olukha phezulu ngaphezulu, kodwa akusho bachezuke isiqondiso sayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sikhuluma ezihambayo up, khona-ke kufanele ahlale phezulu. Umhlobo isenzo, kuhlanganise izici ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo yesitayela iyagcinwa, kodwa uhlala khulula ekuchazeni imininingwane - okuyinto Yiqiniso, kungcono ukusebenzisa eduze inguqulo yasekuqaleni okuholela, ukuba embule amandla ayo.

Ukucinga logic in umongo

Umehluko e-syntax kanye logic division simi ngale ndlela: - ngokuya lolimi ilungu ebaluleke kakhulu enikezwa kungaphansi. Ikakhulu, i-division langempela umusho ngolimi isiRashiya wacasulwa lesi sitatimende. Nakuba, ngokombono eminye imibono abanye wesimanje ngokolimi, a isilandiso ezinjalo. Ngakho-ke, sithatha isikhundla generalized futhi bathi uthishanhloko eyilungu kwenye yezingxenye of izisekelo nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Lapho imigomo unendima eyinhloko logic kungaba ngokuphelele noma yiliphi ilungu.

Umqondo wokwahlukana kwangempela komusho kusho, ngaphansi kwesibalo esikhulu, ukuthi lesi sici siwumthombo oyinhloko wolwazi, igama noma ibinzana, eqinisweni, okwenze ukuba umbhali akhulume (bhala). Kungenzeka futhi ukuqhuba ukuxhumana okubanzi nokufana uma umuntu ethatha ukukhuluma ngomongo. Njengoba sazi, imithetho yesigama ngesiNgisi ilawula ukuthi umusho kufanele ube nombili isifundo kanye nesimiso. Uma kungenakwenzeka noma kunesidingo sokusebenzisa isihloko samanje, khona-ke isihloko esihlelekile sisetshenzisiwe, esivela ngesisekelo sohlelo lolimi njengesimemezelo esingapheli , isibonelo - "It" noma "lapho". Noma kunjalo, iziphakamiso zivame ukuhlanganiswa nabomakhelwane futhi zifakwe emcimbini jikelele wombhalo. Ngakho-ke, kuvela ukuthi amalungu angawa, ngisho nokubaluleka okunjalo njengesihloko noma isandulela-ngqondo, okungenangqondo ngesithombe sonke. Kule ndaba, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisho yangempela kungenzeka ngaphandle kwamaphuzu kanye namamaki okumemeza, futhi umamukeli uphoqeleka ukuthi ahambe ukuze aqonde ngokucacile endaweni eseduzane - okungukuthi, kumongo. Futhi ngesiNgisi kukhona izibonelo lapho ngisho nangomongo akukho ukuthambekela ukudalula la malungu.

Ngaphandle kwamacala athile okusetshenziswa ezindabeni, ngendlela ehlelekile, ukuphathwa okunjalo kubhekene nemisho ekhombayo (Imikhuba) kanye nezikhalo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwangempela kwemisho elula akuhlali kwenzeka njalo kunokuba kunokwakha okuyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba amalungu avame ukushiywa. Ngokumemeza ngokujwayelekile kungashiywe igama elilodwa kuphela, ngokuvamile okuyi-interjection noma i-particle. Futhi kulokhu, ukuze ukwazi ukuhumusha kahle inkulumo, umuntu kufanele aphenduke emaceleni amasiko olimi.

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