Imfundo:Isayensi

Isimo sendawo "Rosetta": incazelo ye-satellite nesithombe

Uma ufunda mayelana nokutholwa kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kubonakala sengathi izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu zitholakale futhi zafundwa, futhi abantu abaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo baqala ukwesaba ngamandla esayensi ekhulwini elidlule. Nokho, lokhu akude neze. Intuthuko, ezobuchwepheshe nezesayense, ivumela isintu ukuba ibeke imigomo yokuzikhandla kakhulu futhi ifinyelele kubo. Phakathi kokufanayo kungathiwa kanye nokucwaninga kokuncintisana ngosizo lwezinsiza ezikwazi ukwehlela phezulu. Kwakungenxa yezizathu ezinjalo ukuthi isiteleka seRosetta sidalwe, isikebhe esasiya ku-Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko ngo-2004. Mayelana naye futhi sizoxoxwa ngezansi.

Umlando omncane

Umsebenzi weRosetta akuyona nje umzamo wokuhlola ama-comet. Umlando wenkinga uqala emuva ngawo-1980, lapho iVega ne-ICE, i-Soviet kanye ne-American-European izimoto, zadlula izidumbu zesikhala, zathola futhi zadlulisela ulwazi oluthile ngabo. Le mihlangano kanye nemihlangano eyalandela nama-comet yaletha idatha eningi kubososayensi. Ngokuyinhloko, umgogodla womzimba onjalo wezithompiki wawufotshwe, i- disc yensimbi yahlaselwa ku-comet, futhi ngemva kweminyaka eminingana imiphumela yokuwa yaqashelwa, uthuli lwesampula emsila womculi lwathunyelwa eMhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, iprobethi yaseRosetta ayinalo i-analogs emlandweni wokuhlola isikhala. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukubeka umsebenzi obunzima kakhulu: ukuba ube yisikhathi somngane womngane futhi wehlele phansi "izinto zokusebenza" ze "Phil" ukuze uphenyo oluqondile lento.

Ukuguquka kwesimangalo

Okokuqala, le nto kanye kwakuwukuthi ube ngumncintiswano we-Virtanen. Enhliziyweni yezinqumo zibeka indlela elula yokuhamba kwendikimba ye-cosmic kanye nezinye izici zayo ezanciphisa ingozi yokuhluleka komsebenzi wokucwaninga we-probe. Ukuze uhambe ku-comet yaseVirtanen, i-satellite "Rosetta" yayizoqala ngoJanuwari 2003. Kodwa-ke, cishe inyanga ngaphambili, ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa, injini ye-Ariane-5 imoto yokuqalisa yahluleka. Ngenxa yalokho, kunqunywe ukuthi ihlehlise ukuqaliswa kweprobefu futhi ibukeze uhlelo lwezindiza.

67P

Into entsha, lapho ipulazi le-Rosetta lalifanele lithunyelwe khona, laliyi-67P comet, nalo libizwa ngeChuryumov-Gerasimenko. Kutholakale ngo-1969 nguKlim Churyumov ezithombeni ezathathwa nguSvetlana Gerasimenko. Le nto iyinkimbinkimbi yesikhathi esifushane: yonke iminyaka engu-6.6 ithola eduze kweSanga. Umzila wendiza ulinganiselwe ku-orbit kaJupiter. Isici esibalulekile kulabacwaningi balesi siqephu kungukubikezela kwendiza yayo, okusho ukuthi ikhono lokubala ngokunembile ukunyakaza okudingekayo kwesikhwama sezindiza.

Isakhiwo

I-probe "i-Rosetta" inenqwaba yezinto zokusebenza, futhi imodemu ye-downlink "Fila" ayiyona ingxenye kuphela eyigugu yayo. Phakathi kwemishini, i-spectrometer ye-ultraviolet edingekayo ekuhlaziyeni amagesi emsila we-comet futhi inqume ukubunjwa kwengaphakathi, amakamelo asebenza hhayi kuphela ekubonweni kodwa nasezigabeni eziphezulu ze-infrared, amadivaysi ahlukahlukene ekutadisheni ukubunjwa, izinga lokushisa nokuhamba kwezinhlayiya emsila wento, futhi Ukunqunywa kwe-orbit yayo, i-gravitation nezinye izici. Yonke le mishini iyadingeka kokubili ukuthola idatha kwi-comet, nokuthola indawo efanelekile yokufika ye-"Fila".

I-Rosetta probe: indlela yokuhamba

Ngaphambi kokufinyelela umgomo, i-apparatus iminyaka eyishumi yadabula umkhathi wesistimu yelanga. Isikhathi sesikhathi esinjalo sichazwa isidingo sokusondela ku-comet "kusukela ngemuva", ukulinganisa ijubane nokuhamba ngendlela efanayo. Kwaphela iminyaka eyishumi, i-satellite Rosetta yadlula emhlabeni wethu izikhathi ezinhlanu. Wakwazi ukuhlangabeza iMars bese ewela i-Main Belt ye-asteroids izikhathi eziningana .

Kwaphela iminyaka eyishumi, i-probe yesikhala i-Rosetta yathumela izithombe ezimibalabala zezinto ezihlukahlukene eMhlabeni. Ngaphandle kokuthokozisa kokuhlelwa kwezinzwa, bathwala ulwazi lwezesayensi. Ososayensi bathola izithombe ezintsha eM Mars, okwenza ucwaningo "Rosetta", isithombe se-asteroids uSteins noLutetia. Yiqiniso, idivayisi noMhlaba azizange zikhishwe. Izithombe zephrothothi yaseRosetta zibonisa iplanethi yethu ngezingalo ezihlukene, kanye nezinye izimo ezisezulwini.

Ukuguqulwa

Kuzo zonke izindiza, i-protocol yaseRosetta yayinenhlanhla. Ngesinye isikhathi ukuze asindise izinsiza, wabhapathizwa e-hibernation, lapho ahlala khona izinsuku ezingu-957. NgoJanuwari 2004, umkhankaso weRosetta waqhubeka ngokuphumelelayo ngemva kokuvuswa kwesathelayithi. Nokho, kunzima kakhulu ukumlinda. Ubunzima obukhulu obungase buvele ngesikhathi kokufika kwe-module "Fila", eyanikezela ukuhlaziya isiteleka "Rosetta". Ukubukeka kwalesi sikhathi, okwakulungiswa yi- European Space Agency, kubonise ukuhamba okuncane kwezinto ezihamba phambili, kuhambisane nokukhululwa kwamahabhu amathathu. Kwakudingeka ukulungisa ubuso be-comet obunamandla okuvuthisa kangangokuthi ukuqhuma kancane kungabangela ukunyamalala kwamaphilisi asePhilsi esikhaleni esingaphandle.

Ukuxhunyanisana nakho konke kwaphumelela, kodwa kwakungenakwenzeka ukukhulula zonke izinhlanzi ezintathu. I-Module "AmaFilas" ngesikhathi efika kabili ibhidlika phezulu futhi kuphela okwesithathu okwazi ukufika, ngenkathi ehlala evulekile. Umphumela walesi sigameko kwakususwa kwedivaysi kusuka kwisayithi lokuhlongozwa okuhlongozwayo mayelana nekhilomitha, kanti abahlanganyeli bephrojekthi babengakwazi ukukhomba iphuzu lapho idivayisi "yeFila" ihlezi khona. Indawo kuphela yokufika eqondakalayo.

Amahora angu-57

Izinkinga ekufikeni kuholele ekutheni "i-module" yeFila ihlaselwe endaweni evulekile ngokugcwele. Umthombo omkhulu wamandla wedivayisi ngamapaneli elanga, angeke asebenze emazingeni okushisa ngezansi zero. Ngenxa yalokho, iningi lamandla asetshenziselwa ukushisa amabhethri, kodwa inani lelanga elitholakalayo laliyingcosana. I-Apparatus "Fila" ifakwe izimo ezinjalo ngebhethri elibheja, elenzelwe amahora angu-64. Kodwa wasebenza kuphela, engu-57 nje kuphela. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, i-module yesibindi "i-Filas", indawo yayo eqondile engazange izimisele, idluliselwe eMhlabeni ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nokufika, ngisho (mhlawumbe) yakwazi ukubhoboza ubuso bese ithatha isampula yomhlabathi.

Konke lokhu "i-Rosetta" yayilandela njalo izenzo ze-apparatus "Fila", ezithunyelwa kuyo futhi zivela kuye imiyalezo. Lapho sekuqediwe, le probe yaqala umsebenzi wayo wokucwaninga.

Ifomu

Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari 2015, izihloko eziningana zesayensi zanyatheliswa eziqukethe incazelo yemiphumela yocwaningo. Enye yezindaba ezithakazelisayo ezixoxwa ngazo yilona uhlobo olungavamile lwe-comet. Umzimba we-cosmic ubukeka njengenhlanzi ye- rabber: ngokubukeka umuntu angahlukanisa ikhanda, i-trunk nentamo. Ukutadisha idatha akukakapheli impendulo yombuzo wokuthi ngabe i-67P ye-comet ivele yini ngenxa yokushayisana kwezinto ezimbili zesikhala, noma ifomu layo - umphumela wokulahlekelwa okuningi nokukhukhula okukhulu. Esimweni sokuqala, lo mcimbi, okusolakala ukuthi uvele ekuqaleni kwendlela yokukhanya kwelanga, eminyakeni engama-4,5 billion eyedlule, ingafakazelwa uma kunemifikiswano ebalulekile phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili ze-comet. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-second hypothesis kuyodinga impendulo yombuzo wemvelo yamandla aholela ekukhuliseni okukhulu "endaweni yentamo".

Manje sekuyaziwa kahle ukuthi i-comet yangaphakathi inesakhiwo esiyingozi. Ngokusho kososayensi, ubukhulu bomzimba buphindwe kabili kunamaparitha amancane.

Ukukhulula

I-probe "i-Rosetta" kanye nedivayisi ethi "Fila" idluliselwe eMhlabeni ubuningi bezithombe ebusweni buka 67P. Yatholakala izintunda nezintaba, kanye namagorji. Noma kunjalo, amadwala ohlaziyizici abuye abuye afane nemvelo. Ezinye zazo ziyizothuli oluhlanganisiwe, eziningi ziwumphumela wokusakazwa kwegesi nomhlabathi, okungukuthi, baseduze ne-barkhans egwadule kunamatshe.

Eminye yamagquma, ephakama ngamamitha amathathu ngaphezu komhlaba, abizwa ngokuthi i-goose bumps futhi ibhekwa njengemfanelo yemfundo yezindikimba eziningi ezifanayo ze-cosmic. Cishe, zakha ngesikhathi sokuqala kwesimiso selanga, futhi siqukethe uthuli olunqanyelwe neqhwa.

Umsuka

Ukuphenya kwezinto eziphathekayo kubandakanya okuqukethwe kwamanzi kanye ne-carbon compounds. Kwabonakala ukushintshashintsha kokuqukethwe kwalezi zinto, ngokuhambisana nokujikeleza komzimba we-cosmic ezungeze i-axis kanye nokushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenzeka ukuthi i-67P ekubunjweni kwayo inenani elikhulu lama-organic compounds kanye neqhwa elincane kakhulu kunalokho okwakufanele lithole.

Lezi nedatha eminye isivumela ukuba sikhulume ukuthi ukuhlaziywa, okuphambene nombono wabacwaningi, kwakhiwe ebhanini laseKuiper elingaphesheya kwe-Neptune. Ekuqaleni, kwakukholelwa ukuthi indawo yokwakhiwa kwe-67P itholakala kakhulu kuJupiter.

Idatha yamadivayisi kaRosetta namaFila ahlobene nezici ze-nucleus ye-comet, amandla ayo amakhulu kanye namagnetosphere. Ingxenye enkulu yawo ayadingeka ihlaziywe. Kungakhathaliseki isithombe esivela ngemuva kokutadisha nokucabangela lonke ulwazi, indiza kanye nokuthunywa kukaRosetta namuhla kungenye yezinhlelo eziningi zendawo esaziwayo. Ososayensi abaningi babiza lo mcimbi okwesithathu kubaluleke kakhulu ngemva kokushayela kuka-Yuri Gagarin nokudlulela kwabantu enyangeni. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uRosetta akuwona umsebenzi wokugcina ucwaningo, onomgomo wokukhulisa ulwazi lwethu jikelele. Impumelelo yendiza eya ku-67P ye-comet yavuselela ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi amasha. Abaningana babo balungiselela ukuqala esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.

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