Igazi elivela imithambo kuya emithanjeni uthola? Physiology kwegazi. Igazi kwegazi

Ukuze operation evamile zonke izinhlaka futhi izinhlelo ukunikezela umzimba womuntu njalo kubalulekile izakhi kanye nowe-oxygen, kanye nokususwa ngesikhathi esifanele zonke amatshe kanye nodoti. Ukuqaliswa kwalawa izinqubo ezibalulekile kuqinisekisa okuqhubekayo kwegazi. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola uhlelo womuntu kwegazi, kanye uchaze ukuthi igazi Umthambo ingena imithambo njengoba ukhiphela ngokusebenzisa imithambo yegazi kanye nendlela isitho eyinhloko isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi - inhliziyo.

Lolu cwaningo kwegazi kusukela endulo kuze kube ikhulu XVII

Ukusakazwa umuntu abanesifiso izazi eziningi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Izazi lasendulo uHippocrates no-Aristotle wacabanga ukuthi ngandlela-thile zonke izindikimba kuhlobene. Babekholelwa ukuthi abantu kwegazi siqukethe izinhlelo ezimbili ezihlukene ukuthi kungukuthi axhumene. Yiqiniso, imibono yabo banephutha. Benqatshelwa udokotela waseRoma uKlawudiyu uGalen, owaba Ucwaningo ukuthi inhliziyo ihamba igazi ngemithambo akuyona kuphela, kodwa futhi ngokusebenzisa imithambo. Up ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVII, ososayensi babe nombono wokuthi igazi Idlula kwesokudla kuya ATRIUM kwesokunxele ngokusebenzisa septum. Kuphela ngo-1628 kuye kwasusa umgoqo: IsiZulu anatomist Uilyam Garvey encwadini yakhe "Lolu cwaningo yokwakheka ezilwaneni ezinyakazayo ezisekujuleni kwenhliziyo futhi igazi," wethula umbono wakhe entsha ye ukugeleza kwegazi. Yena Ucwaningo wafakazela ukuthi ihamba ngokusebenzisa imithambo ye ventricles inhliziyo, bese ibuyisela ngemithambo kuya Atria futhi awukwazi unomphela lekufanele akhicitwe esibindini. Uilyam Garvey waba umuntu wokuqala ngqá uningilize ngokuya okukhipha inhliziyo. uhlelo wanamuhla womuntu kwegazi yasungulwa ngesisekelo umsebenzi wakhe, kuhlanganise imizuliswano emibili.

utadisha isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi

Kwaphela isikhathi eside ke yahlala ingaphenduliwe umbuzo obalulekile: "Indlela igazi imithambo ingena vein." Kuphela ekupheleni le XVII ekhulwini Marcello Malpighi wathola amayunithi ekhethekile yegazi - capillary okuyinto ukuxhuma emithanjeni yegazi.

Esikhathini esizayo, ososayensi abaningi (Stiven Heylz, Daniel Bernoulli, Euler, Poiseuille, njll) Usebenze inkinga kwegazi, kuhlanganise emithambo yegazi kulinganiswa, lwemithambo blood pressure, ivolumu emakamelweni inhliziyo, kuyaqina kwemithambo yegazi kanye neminye imingcele. Ngo-1843, usosayensi u-Jan Purkinje ezihlongozwayo hypothesis kumphakathi ngokwesayensi ukuthi ukwehla ivolumu systolic wenhliziyo kunomphumela ukuncela phezu onqenqemeni cutting yamaphaphu kwesokunxele. Ngo-1904, I. P. Pavlov wenza iminikelo elibalulekile kuyisayensi njengoba ayebonisa ngokunengqondo ukuthi kukhona amaphampu emine inhliziyo, futhi wacabanga yini ezimbili njengoba ngaphambilini. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili ehlulekile ukufakazela kungani ingcindezi ohlelweni senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, ngenhla umfutho womoya.

Physiology kwegazi: imithambo capillary nokuvaleka kwemithambo

Siyabonga kubo bonke ososayensi nophenyo siyazi ukuthi igazi ihamba njalo ku amashubhu ekhethekile eziyize, okuyinto abe ubukhulu ezahlukene. Abanaso ngiwunqamule badlulele elinye, kanjalo zakha isimiso evaliwe uhlelo olulodwa kwegazi. Zonke izinhlobo ezintathu ezaziwayo yegazi: lemithambo emithanjeni, ama-capillary. Bonke bangabangasokile ezahlukene isakhiwo. Imithambo ziyizitsha anikeza igazi ligeleze ezithweni zenhliziyo. Ngaphakathi basuke uphahlwe ungqimba elilodwa epithelium kanye ezicutshini kukhona igobolondo ngaphandle. Isendlalelo phakathi siqukethe lwemithambo odongeni imisipha abushelelezi. Lo mkhumbi ngobukhulu kuyinto le-aorta. I kwezitho nezicubu kwemithambo yegazi zihlukaniswe emiphongolweni emincane igazi ngokuthi arteriole. Nazo ngokufanayo, amagatsha ku-capillary, okuyinto akhiwa isendlalelo esisodwa kwezicubu EPITHELIAL futhi zitholakala ezikhaleni phakathi amaseli. Capillary babe ikhule ezimbotsheni ekhethekile lapho amanzi, umoya-mpilo, i-glucose kanye nezinye izinto kuthiwa zithutha ku izicubu uketshezi. Igazi elivela imithambo kuya emithanjeni uthola? Emizimbeni yena engalali oksijini ahlanganiswe carbon dioxide, futhi luqondiswe ngokusebenzisa capillary ku ama-venule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwathi ubuyela ATRIUM kwesokudla aphansi, emithanjeni engenhla nomgodi yenhliziyo. Emithanjeni zitholakala surfactants xaxa futhi ube ekhethekile valve semilunar, lula ukuhamba kwegazi.

ukuzungeza

Yonke imikhumbi, ngokuhlanganisa ukwakha tindilinga letimbili, okuyinto abizwa ezinkulu nezincane. Umsuka inikeza ukugcwaliswa lezitho nezicubu igazi elinomoya-mpilo. Kwegazi simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: i-ATRIUM kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyehla, bevumela ukugeleza kwegazi ku-ventricle engakwesobunxele. Kusuka lapho igazi iqondiswa ku le-aorta, okuyindawo uqhubekela kwezinye ekhipha igazi enhliziyweni arteriole, egijima izinkomba ezahlukene izicubu wonke umzimba. Igazi-ke wabuya ngemithambo futhi engena ATRIUM kwesokudla.

Igazi kwegazi: indilinga lencane

I ukuzungeza yesibili iqala i-ventricle yangakwesokudla futhi iphela ATRIUM ngakwesokunxele. Njengoba-ke ukhiphela igazi ukudlula emaphashini. Physiology kwegazi kumbuthano elincane. Ukuncishiswa kwesokudla igazi ventricular inikeza isiqondiso ebhuthini yamaphaphu, okuyinto amagatsha out inethiwekhi enkulukazi capillary yamaphaphu. Igazi, engena kuzo, nomoya-mpilo ngosizo ukupholisa wamaphaphu, bese ubuyela kuNkulunkulu ATRIUM ngakwesokunxele. Singaphetha ngokuthi unikeze ukunyakaza ezimbili kwegazi, kuqala oqondiswe eduze oyibanga ezicutshini futhi emuva, bese nabancane - emaphashini lapho i-oksijini ligcwele. Human kwegazi kwenzeka ngenxa Rhythmic umsebenzi zenhliziyo umehluko ukugandeleleka ekhipha igazi enhliziyweni nelifakayo.

izitho kwegazi: inhliziyo

Isimiso somuntu sokujikeleza kwegazi kuhlanganisa, ngaphezu lemithambo emithanjeni capillary, inhliziyo. Kuyinto isitho kwemisipha, ngaphakathi eziyize nokuba ukuma tapered. Inhliziyo, elele ngalo ingaphakathi thoracic, iyatholakala ku pericardium ehlanganisa ezicutshini. Isikhwama kuqinisekisa ogelezayo nokumanzisa njalo kobuso inhliziyo, futhi igcina ukutholakala kwayo ukunciphisa. Kumiswa udonga inhliziyo izingqimba ezintathu: endocardium (kwangaphakathi), myocardium (phakathi) kanye epicardial (yangaphandle). Ngokusho isakhiwo imisipha yenhliziyo kuyinto kancane okusikhumbuza imisipha striated, kodwa likwazi isici esisodwa ehlukile - ikhono oluhlehlela ngokuzenzakalelayo, kungakhathaliseki izimo zangaphandle. Lokhu okuthiwa automaticity. Kuba khona ngenxa ekhethekile ezinzwa ezitholakala muscle ukukhiqiza excitation onesigqi.

Isakhiwo inhliziyo

I yangaphakathi isakhiwo inhliziyo kanje. It ihlukaniswe yaba halves ezimbili, kwesokunxele nakwesokudla, udonga okuqinile. uhhafu ngamunye has ezimbili - ATRIUM futhi ventricle. Basuke axhunyiwe ngokusebenzisa imbobo unikezwe valve ichopho, ephumela ohlangothini ventricular. Engxenyeni kwesokunxele valve inhliziyo has enezinto emibili ngakwesokudla - ezintathu. Esikhathini ATRIUM kwesokudla igazi livela phezulu, phansi emgodini, imithambo yenhliziyo wenhliziyo, futhi kwesokunxele - the emithanjeni yamaphaphu ezine. I-ventricle yangakwesokudla kuphakamisa isiqu yamaphaphu, okuyinto ihlukaniswe amagatsha amabili, sithwala igazi elinikeza emaphashini. I-ventricle engakwesobunxele ithumela igazi kwesokunxele lwaleli yomthambo i-aorta. Ngezinye imingcele ventricles, yamaphaphu futhi yomthambo i-aorta valve semilunar ahlelwe nge valve ezintathu ngamunye. Bathwala kuvalwe lumens aorta ne isiqu yamaphaphu wedlula imithambo yegazi kanye ukuvimbela backflow wegazi phakathi ventricles.

Izigaba ezintathu imisipha yenhliziyo

Noma alternation of ukusikwa futhi ukuphumula senhliziyo esilimele ivumela igazi aluka ngokusebenzisa kwegazi ezimbili. Kukhona izigaba ezintathu emsebenzini inhliziyo:

• ukusikwa atrial;
• ukusikwa we ventricles (systole ngenye indlela);
• ukuphumula we ventricles futhi Atria (ngenye diastole).

umjikelezo senhliziyo liyinkathi komunye ukusikwa atrial. Wonke umsebenzi inhliziyo liqukethe imijikelezo, ngamunye esakhiwa systole futhi diastole. Encishisiwe senhliziyo esilimele cishe izikhathi 70-75 ngeminithi elilodwa (uma umzimba uphumule), isb ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 100. Times ngosuku. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke iphampa ezingaphezu kuka-10 eziyinkulungwane. Amalitha kwegazi. Lokhu ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu kudalwa ethuthukisiwe kwegazi imisipha yenhliziyo, kanye inqwaba izinqubo umzimba kuwo. Isimiso sezinzwa, ikakhulukazi umnyango vegetative ulawula ukusebenza inhliziyo. Ezinye Imicu yotshani nozwela baqinise ukunciphisa ngesikhathi ukushukuma, elinye - the parasympathetic - kunalokho, buthaka futhi ukubambezela yonke inhliziyo. Ngaphezu isimiso sezinzwa ulawula inhliziyo futhi humoral. Ngokwesibonelo, epinephrine ngesivinini umsebenzi walo, futhi ngakhula potassium okuqukethwe kuvimbela ke.

imiqondo ishayela

Pulse ngokuthi Rhythmic izitsha oscillations ubukhulu (imithambo), okuyinto zibangelwa umsebenzi inhliziyo. Ukuhamba kwegazi ngokusebenzisa imithambo, kuhlanganise aorta futhi wenziwa ngesivinini 500 mm / s. Ezitsheni mncane, ama-capillary, ukugeleza kwegazi is ehlile kakhulu (kufika ku 0.5 mm / s). a Isivinini eliphansi ukugeleza kwegazi ngokusebenzisa capillary ivumela akunika wonke umoya-mpilo nezakhi ezicutshini futhi uthathe imikhiqizo yabo umzimba. Ngo ngemithambo, lo eduze inhliziyo, igazi ligeleze Isivinini iyakhula.

Kuyini umfutho wegazi?

Leli gama libhekisela hydrodynamic ingcindezi igazi e imithambo, emithanjeni, ama-capillary. Umfutho wegazi livela ngenxa yomsebenzi walo inhliziyo, epompa igazi ku izitsha, futhi abamelana. Inani layo ku izinhlobo ezahlukene izitsha kuyahlukahluka. Umfutho wegazi kanye liyancipha esikhathini systole futhi diastole. Inhliziyo ejects igazi ingxenye, okuyinto wenabisa izindonga imithambo emaphakathi kanye aorta. Lokhu kwakha high blood pressure: systole amagugu esiphezulu ayalingana 120 mm HG. Ubuciko diastolic -. 70 mm HG. Art. Phakathi diastole, udonga welulela onomfutho, kanjalo baphokophelele igazi ngokusebenzisa arteriole futhi eminye ku. Lapho igazi kugeleza capillary ye iconsi kancane kancane wegazi ukuba 40 mm HG. Art. futhi ngezansi. Esikhathini ama-venule inguqulelo capillary wegazi 10 kuphela mm HG. Art. Le ndlela yokwenza kubangelwa ngomshikisho izinhlayiya isitsha igazi izindonga ukuthi kancane kancane kubambezela enomopho. Ngemithambo baqhubeka iconsi wegazi. Ngemithambo eziyize, kuba ngisho kancane ngezansi ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Lokhu umehluko phakathi kwengcindezi ongathandeki emithanjeni nomgodi umfutho ophakeme kuleli Umthambo yamaphaphu kanye aorta nokuqinisekisa kwegazi okuqhubekayo yomuntu.

Blood Pressure Ukumeda

Ukuthola wegazi ukubaluleka kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili. indlela koda kuhilela ukufakwa ipayipi exhunywe ohlelweni sokulinganisa, kwelinye imithambo (ngokuvamile osabalalayo). Le ndlela yenza kube lula njalo ulinganise ingcindezi futhi ukuthola imiphumela olunembile kakhulu. Indlela non-koda sokulinganisa igazi nokucindezelwa kuhilela ukusetshenziswa mercury sphygmomanometers semi-automatic, othomathikhi noma aneroid. Ngokuvamile, ingcindezi kukalwa engalweni, kancane ngenhla endololwaneni. Inani okuholela kubonisa ukuthi ukubaluleka ingcindezi uku Umthambo, kodwa hhayi wonke umzimba. Nokho, lesi sibalo kusikisela ubukhulu blood pressure ekuhlolweni. Okusho kwegazi omkhulu. Ngaphandle ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo wegazi akukwazi umzimba evamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphila akunakwenzeka futhi ukusebenza emzimbeni. Manje uyazi ukuthi igazi kusukela Umthambo ingena imithambo nokuthi inqubo kwegazi. Sithemba athikili yethu iye yaba usizo kuwe.