Uyini amandla Gibbs

inqubo sebengavela i evaliwe lwesistimu ovulekile futhi sichazwa ngemibandela ethize, eyaziwa ngokuthi amandla Gibbs. Kuyinto umsebenzi isimo. DU Gibbs, ukusebenza izinhlelo thermodynamic, kuletsa ke ngokusebenzisa entropy futhi enthalpy. Gibbs amandla, ikakhulukazi, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubikezela esiqondisweni ukugeleza nokuguqulwa izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nokulinganisa kahle yabo kwakuthiwa nefinyelelekayo.

Uma sisebenzisa Gibbs iziphetho yesibili umthetho thermodynamic, ekwakhiweni kuyoba okulandelayo: njalo (const) ingcindezi kanye lokushisa ngaphandle zangaphandle ukuchayeka uhlelo bangayisekela ukugeleza nokuguqulwa kuphela izinqubo ezinjalo, phetho okuyinto ukunciphisa Gibbs amandla ezingeni kunani ukuthi kwenzeka uma ifinyelela engaguquki yayo ubuncane. Equilibrium yiluphi uhlelo thermodynamic kusho invariability ka wathi amandla (okungenani). Ngakho-ke Gibbs igesi ezingaba (enthalpy khulula) e isobaric-isothermal izinhlelo. Ake uchaze ukuthi kungani kucacisiwe ubuncane. Iqiniso lokuthi lokhu ingenye naletintfo ebaluleke kakhulu yakhoibrium wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto: inikezwe isimo ezingeni lokushisa nokucindezelwa nokungaguquguquki kusho ukuthi ukuze ushintsho olandelayo kuyadingeka ukwandisa ezingeni amandla, futhi lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma uguqula noma iyiphi iziphi izici zangaphandle.

Incwadi ukuqokwa - G. anda elilingana umehluko phakathi enthalpy eyaziwa futhi ukubaluleka izinga lokushisa umkhiqizo phezu entropy. Lokho amandla Gibbs ungaboniswa ngokusebenzisa ifomula elandelayo:

G = H - (S * t),

lapho S - entropy kohlelo; t - lokushisa thermodynamic; H - enthalpy. I entropy kohlelo ifomula ngenhla likhona ukuze ikhumbule yokuthi lokushisa eliphezulu kunciphisa isimo ehlelekile uhlelo (disorder) kanye ongaphakeme - kunalokho.

Njengoba kokubili amandla Gibbs, enthalpy, futhi - ezinye imisebenzi yohlelo e wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, ngokushintsha G noma H kungenziwa libhekene ukuguqulwa amakhemikhali okwenzeka. Uma unikezwa yokusabela ezothando kanye Gibbs amandla ushintsho ke kungokwalabo ekilasini thermochemical.

Nge kungase maqondana nalolu amandla kukwazi ukwakhiwa Rule Hess uma ingcindezi kanye lokushisa elifanayo, ukudalwa izinto zokuthumela kokuqala (reagent eziyisisekelo) kuholela yokuthi amandla ohlelweni washintsha, ukubukeka okwenzeka ukusabela kanye nenombolo yabo ku umphumela awukho umphumela.

Njengoba amandla okukhulunywa ngakho kulesi sihloko, kuyinto ubuningi variable, welithi "ejwayelekile Gibbs amandla" laqanjwa ukwenza izibalo. Lokhu value elikhona iyiphi ikhathalogi zamakhemikhali, anda elilingana 298 kJ / Mol (uqaphele ukuthi ubukhulu kuyafana noma iyiphi enye amandla izinyo lomhlathi). Lokhu value ikuvumela ukubala ushintsho sanoma yisiphi inqubo yamakhemikhali.

Uma phakathi ukusabela zamakhemikhali, isenzo yangaphandle (umsebenzi kwenziwa) sivuleka ohlelweni, bese Gibbs khulula amandla Inani senyukile. ukusabela okunjalo zibizwa endergonic. Ngakho, uma uhlelo uqobo enza umsebenzi, ungachithi amandla, sikhuluma ukubonakaliswa ekzergonicheskih.

Umqondo amandla Gibbs ithole isicelo ebanzi kwamakhemikhali yesimanje. Ngokwesibonelo, i-polymer zamagama kusekelwe ukusabela kwalokho. Ngo lezo zinqubo ezinye izinhlayiya ehlangana zibe munye, ukubaluleka entropy incipha. Kususelwa ifomula Gibbs, kungashiwo wagomela ukuthi okunomthelela yangaphandle (isb, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme) Kungenzeka ukukhokha onjalo exothermic kwalokho ukuphendula, okuyinto kuqinisekiswa umkhuba.