Imisuka uhlelo yemali

uhlelo Monetary - ngokomlando uhlobo imali isimo. isakhiwo esinjalo ukhona kuwo wonke amazwe. Umqondo kohlelo yemali eqondiswa ngumthetho. Njenganoma iyiphi enye, lesi sakhiwo siqukethe izingxenye ezithile.

uhlelo Wemali, kuhlanganise subsystem yemali kanye non-cash ukudluliselwa, iqukethe, okokuqala kunakho konke, izimiso owawuthi ke Kwenziwa inhlangano. Bangabaholi imithetho kumiswa izakhiwo asethwe nguhulumende. Le mithetho, kanye nezinye izakhi kohlelo yemali abanobuhlobo obuseduze. Nge ngowokuqala unomthelela oqondile kuzo zonke ezinye izingxenye.

Emazweni athuthukile singakwazi ukubona izakhi eziyinhloko kohlelo yemali.

Imali uphawu esikhishwe umthetho. Isetshenziselwa lapho kuqhathaniswa yokukhuluma kanye nokubaluleka kwazo zonke izimpahla. Ngokuvamile, kwakhiwa le ngxenye is by ngokomlando. Nokho, kwezinye izimo kungase ukufakwa igama elisha uphawu.

Ubukhulu amanani kubhekwa njengento kukhethwa amayunithi malini isimo futhi njengoba indlela yokukhuluma lezimpahla ukubaluleka ngenxa yesisindo okuqukethwe metal yemali unit ekhethiwe. Nokho, umqondo yokugcina, ilahlekelwe nekubaluleka kwalo kutemnotfo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-credit imali is abanalo value yayo futhi akakwazi ukuveza ukubaluleka nezinye izimpahla.

Izinhlobo imali kusemthethweni ithenda. Ngokuvamile, lezi zici amelela yemali yengcebo uhlelo futhi imali engamaphepha, izinhlamvu zemali ezincane. Njengomthetho, emazweni anezimboni, Treasury amanothi kungukuthi ikhishwe. Ngo eziningi emazweni asathuthuka imali yephepha akukhona okungavamile ukuba likhithike.

Ukunikeza imali ngandlela-thile ukuthi esibekwe umbuso. Ngokwesibonelo, ingasetshenziswa izinsimbi eziyigugu, nomshuwalense, impahla engokoqobo, uhulumeni kanye yasebhange iziqinisekiso, igolide, lwemali, ngokukhululekile Convertible, nokunye. Ukwephula imithetho noma ukusetshenziswa nezinye izinhlobo eseduze akufanele nakancane sihambisane nakho.

Emission uhlelo oda ukwelashwa kanye ukukhululwa kwe imali osungulwe ngokomthetho. Ukusebenza okuhambisanayo (ukuhoxiswa kanye ukukhiqizwa) yi-Central Bank, kanye noMgcinimafa. Central Bank uyawuthanda ilungelo yedwa ukukhipha imali engamaphepha, okuyinto bakha ingxenye enkulu kwegazi imali. UMgcinimafa, njengoba isigungu, ikhipha yengcebo zemali kanye amathikithi. Lezi zici zakhiwe uhlelo yemali amamaki aphansi metal. Kubo ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile seyihlanganisa eziyishumi amaphesenti udaba yemali.

Ibhange emaphakathi lucwaningo operation ekushayweni ezindaweni ezintathu: ukuhlinzekwa imali credit izikhungo ngesimo ekhona rediscount izikweletu kwezohwebo, yengcebo abolekise ngaphansi ukuhlinzekwa nokusetshenziswa kwamatayitela, kanye ukukhiqizwa imali yamaphepha ngokusebenzisa exchange yabo izimali zakwamanye amazwe.

Bezama ukunciphisa amathuba ekushintshashintsheni izinqubo zezomnotho, uhulumeni uthatha izinyathelo obehlukene ikambiso yokukhiqiza. Kulokhu, amasistimu ezimbili ezisetshenziswa - imali kanye credit. Kumele kuqapheleke futhi ukuthi lezi netakhi okwakuthandelene nomunye, ikakhulukazi ngenxa ukubusa asizakale.

Ngaphansi kwethonya okwandisa wenzuzo obumbi emazweni amaningi nge umkhakha ithuthukiswe maphakathi nawo-seventies kwekhulu lama-20 liye enwetshiwe "sokukhomba." Ngakho, omisiwe sizibeka komnikazi yokwanda ukuzungeza imali kanye credit.