Alfred Marshall. Cambridge School of Economics

I neoclassical esikoleni kwezomnotho kuhlanganisa Cambridge futhi wamaNgisi namaMelika. Eyokuqala kubhekwa indlela ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isiyalo. Ukwakheka kulesi sikole wezomnotho elihlobene ne amagama ososayensi oluvelele. Phakathi kwabo - Valras, Clark, Pigou. A indima eyihloko kumiswa imibono emisha Alfred Marshall (1842-1924). Uhlelo, okuyinto yasungulwa ngokuhlanganyela nozakwethu, kwaba phambili classical ne iinthombe izinhlinzeko zoMthetho omusha indlela futhi umkhawulo ukuhlaziywa. Kwakuwumsebenzi wakhe ngezindlela eziningi kuchazwe ngendlela yesikhathi esizayo emhlabeni yokucabanga.

Alfred Marshall: Biography

Wazalelwa lesi sibalo ekhulwini le-19 e-London. Yena ngiphothule izifundo zami eCambridge University. Ngo-1877 inkampani umkhankaso imisebenzi yayo zokuphatha at Bristol University. Esikhathini kusuka 1883 kuze 1884 th yena ozongitshela wafunda e-Oxford. Ngemva kwalokho wabuyela eCambridge University futhi kusukela 1885 kuze 1903rd wasebenza khona njengoba uprofesa. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-90-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu le-19, uye wasebenza njengoba ilungu Royal Commission zomsebenzi. Ngo-1908 washiya uMnyango Political Umnotho eCambridge. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe, wayezoba ucwaningo lwazo.

Alfred Marshall: umnikelo emnothweni

Lesi sibalo ubhekwa abasunguli isiqondiso neoclassical. Wethula umqondo yesiyalo "ezomnotho", ngaleyo ndlela egcizelela aqonda sendaba ucwaningo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi lo mqondo ngokugcwele nangokunembile libonise into cwaningo. Ngaphakathi isayensi uhlole izimo zomnotho kanye izici zokuphila kwezenhlalo, preconditions okubamba iqhaza emnothweni. Kuyinto isiyalo isicelo futhi ayikwazi kubhekwa nezindaba esisebenzayo. Nokho, izindaba ezithinta inqubomgomo kwezomnotho kukhona ayifanele kuncike yayo. ukuphila Economic, umbono Marshall, kufanele kubhekwe ngaphandle kwezombangazwe futhi zilekelele uhulumeni. Wayekholelwa ukuthi amaqiniso eziye abeke phambili yi-zabuna, uzobuyisa value abo esikhathini zomhlaba. Nokho, abaningi amalungiselelo athuthukile ngaphambili, kufanele acacise abuye ahumushe, ngokuhambisana nemibandela esishintshile. izingxabano babephakathi kwamaNethini ososayensi ehamba phambili lokho okungathathwa njengelwazi deku Inani: Ngemva kokucabangela lezi zici zokukhiqiza, zabasebenzi, noma ishayise. Economist Alfred Marshall kwaba Bafanele bangenele tinkhulumomphikiswano kwenye indiza. Weza esiphethweni sokuthi asikho isidingo ukunquma umthombo value. Lokuthi kunilungele esiningi sokutadisha izici ezithinta ukubaluleka level yayo kanye namandla okubakhona.

Nezidingo

Okokuqala, kufanele kunqunywe ukuthi yiziphi indlela yokutadisha ekhethwe Alfred Marshall. Imibono eziyisisekelo sibalo esekelwe impikiswano ubhekane nalezi zinkinga ezingase ngaphandle kwezindleko. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, ebona indlela ecacile aphume le ngxoxo. Uma ucabangela ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela izici zokukhiqiza, wayekhetha omunye ezahlukeneyo zalo - nomqondo izisulu salezi zici. Izifundo wayethole uhlobo ebucayini phakathi izikole ezahlukene umcabango. Umqondo ukhiye sasihlanganisa ukuguquguquka maphakathi phansi imisebenzi yezazi wobunxiwankulu kwenzinye izingxabano phezu ukubaluleka ekutadisheni kumiswa amaphethini kanye nokuxhumana ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona. Ngokusekelwe lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, ungase yakha amazinga nje ebamba isisu. Ngakho, kwasikiselwa inhlanganisela ebucayini izigaba ebaluleke kakhulu futhi imiqondo kusuka ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene theory. Kuthiwa imibhalo eminingi ye imiqondo yezici ukukhiqizwa iye kufakwe izifundo regularities kumiswa iminikelo umkhiqizo. Imibono inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Umbuso abekelwe emaceleni, lapho engena yena, ukuchaza isakhiwo zabathengi isidingo kumiswa imithetho. Phakathi nesifundo, izindlela ezintsha eziningana ziye phambili, owethulwa izigaba futhi imiqondo ke ngokuqinile kufakwe isiyalo.

isikhathi isici

Isidingo siyifake ku ukuhlaziya intengo kugcizelelwe ocwaningweni lwakhe, u-Alfred Marshall. Isici esiyinhloko ngokombono wakhe, kwaba khona ukusebenzisana phakathi izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi ukwenza ukuthi inkokhelo yemfundo. Lokhu kusebenzelana luncike uhlobo indlela abeke ku ukuhlaziywa. Ngokuhamba iDemo ngesikhathi Ukwenyuka okukhulu kwesidzingo sagezi kuleminyaka ukuthengisela, ukungakwazi ukuqeda le inzuzo by amandla akhona siphela okuthiwa indlela athi. Labo amabhizinisi akhiqiza imikhiqizo iyindlala, ngaphambi ukwethulwa kwezikhungo ezintsha nethuba ukwandisa intengo. Ngenxa yalokho, baba uthole xaxa, "kvazirentny" yemali engenayo odala labo inzuzo. Alfred Marshall echazwe ukusabela ezentengiselwano ukuba ekushintshashintsheni kwaneliswe isidingo esikhathini esifushane.

Ingqikithi yalo ebucayini

Marshall theory kwetemnotfo kube asekelwe bangesikhathi sakhe. Wasikisela ukusilela iye igxile isivuno isiyalo kwasiza ekuxazululeni inkinga lapho uzithola kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Its theory intengo iye yabizwa kuqhutshekwe athuthukile futhi waqala ukwenza ingxenye wezomnotho kwezombangazwe, othiwa micro-kwezomnotho sigaba. Usosayensi wabona umphakathi wobunxiwankulu njengoba uhlelo sasivumela obunobunye eye bancishwa okwakubonakala zezomnotho nezenhlalo abalulekile. Alfred Marshall olwenziwa kokuhlaziya ukwakheka kanye nokuxhumana lwezigaba ukhiye, owethulwa imiqondo emisha. Isiyalo, ngokombono wakhe, hhayi kuphela ihlola ubunjalo ingcebo. Lolu cwaningo lokuqala siphathelene izisusa umsebenti wetemnotfo. Amandla umfutho kukalwa imali - ngakho uthi Alfred Marshall. Izimiso Economics, Ngakho-ke, kuzo zazisekelwe ukuhlaziywa ukuziphatha kwabantu.

Izisulu zomsebenzi kanye capital

Alfred Marshall kubhekwa nezindaba eziphathelene kumiswa inani lokugcina futhi inzuzo imithombo. Kulezi izifundo, waqhubeka isiko izinkomba ngesiNgisi. Le mfundiso eyasungulwa ethi umqondo umthelela umsebenzi kwadingeka Seniora futhi eziningi abalandeli bakhe. Alfred Marshall babekholelwa ukuthi imali izindleko afihle izindleko zangempela. Is they ekugcineni ukunquma exchange ngezabelo kujikeleta kwetimphahla. izindleko Real ohlelweni isicebi akhiwa bofeleba netinhlavu zabasebenzi izisulu. izindleko fixed kanye irenti ayibalangwa umqondo. Ukuchaza umqondo zezisulu zabasebenzi, u-Alfred Marshall cishe ilandelwe ngokuphelele imfundiso Seniora. Lesi sigaba wabachazela njengoba imizwa subjective omubi ezazihlobene ibutho yokusebenza. Capital isisulu Marshall - kuyinto kokugwema ngokushesha ukusetshenziswa siqu izimali.

Imbangela nomphumela

Alfred Marshall emibhalweni yakhe bakhomba ukuhamba alo futhi emagama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yabhekisela imithetho ngokucacile, esebenze ngokuvamile ngesimo Amathrendi. Usosayensi wakhuluma ngesimo ngokucacile kwemithetho kwezomnotho. Kuyinto lokhu inkimbinkimbi ucinge iqiniso futhi kudingeka ukusetshenziswa amasu kohlaziyo ezifanele. Imfundiso yayisekelwe phezu kwesisekelo sokuthi ubani ngifuna kumnandi futhi omuhle, uthola kude. Kuzo zonke izimo abantu bavame uthole okungcono kakhulu noma yini uma kukhona okungenani kwesinye. Alfred Marshall ezihlongozwayo indlela ngawo okokuqala udinga ukukhomba sezizathu eziyinhloko ngaphandle umthelela nezinye izinto. Wasikisela ukuthi ithonya kwezimbangela eziyinhloko izenzo ngaphandle futhi kungaholela emiphumeleni ukhonkolo. Nokho, lesi simo kwenzeka uma kusengaphambili izokwamukelwa hypothesis, owawuthi hhayi nye phikisana than iqiniso lokuthi mfundiso ngokucacile, ngeke kucatshangelwe. In the isinyathelo esilandelayo uyakucabangela izici ezintsha lafundvwako. Ngokwesibonelo, ziyabhekelelwa kwaneliswe isidingo soshintsho ukuze uthole izigaba ezahlukene imikhiqizo. Ekushintshashintsheni Dynamics wafunda, hhayi izibalo. Uhlola amabutho ukuthi nomthelela ukuhamba amanani funa.

zilingana esinqunyiwe

Alfred Marshall waqonda njengoba umhlangano ethize kanye nemikhawulo eyaziwayo indlela, okubandakanya ukususwa izici ezingenakho okwamanje kokunquma isici. izimo Secondary phendulela umbono zihunyushelwe ehlukile, "igumbi" ekhethekile. Wabhekisela "ngaphansi kwezinye izimo ukuba alingane." Alfred Marshall lokhu kubhuka akufaki umthelela nezinye izinto, hhayi kokuyicabangela ngesikhathi inert efanayo. Engayinaki umphumela yabo okwesikhashana kuphela. Ngakho, kunesizathu esisodwa kuphela - intengo. Kusebenza njengomnyombo uhlobo uzibuthe. Izwe kwezomnotho ivela ngaphansi kwethonya kwemlamuli munye, zonke zokuvulwa namandla kuthinte kwaneliswe isidingo uhlelo.

ukuhlaziya izinkinga

Alfred Marshall safuna ukuhlola izindaba nezokusigcoba endizeni kunikeze umbono wezimo ezingokoqobo zokuphila kwezomnotho. Umsebenzi wakhe ugcwele izifaniso eziningi, izibonelo ayeyithathile kusukela umkhuba. Ososayensi ozama ukuhlanganisa izindlela theory kanye zomlando. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izindlela zakhe kwezinye izimo, schematize, lula ngokoqobo. Alfred Marshall wabhala mayelana lokuthi isiyalo kuhloswe, okokuqala kunakho konke, yokufuna ulwazi uqobo. Umsebenzi wesibili wenza incazelo nezindaba esisebenzayo. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi kubalulekile ukugxila ngqo iwusizo olubalulekile yokufunda. Ukwakhiwa ucwaningo kuyadingeka ukuze isizinda hhayi ngokusekelwe ezikwenzayo okuwusizo, futhi ngokuvumelana okuqukethwe into sokuhlaziya. Marshall eyakhuluma ngokumelene imibono Ricardo eziphathelene ngokwedlulele izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi kwelinye yesibili isikhundla funa ukuhlaziywa. It usebenze njengomahluleli omunye izizathu underestimating ukubaluleka imibuzo ucwaningo ukuthi zihlobene ekutadisheni izidingo zomuntu.

funa ijika

Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso nokuhlolwa Umbuso indawo. Marshall ukubeka phambili iphethini ukugcwaliswa noma amanani lehla njengenjwayelo, impahla ayisisekelo emvelo womuntu. Ngokusho isiphelo sesimiso usosayensi, ijika funa ngokuvamile eyehlelayo ezimbi. Ukwandisa inani izinzuzo kunciphisa kuwusizo umkhawulo amayunithi yayo. Umthetho ukunikezela iphathwa yi-Marshall ngesimo esilandelayo: ". Inani izimpahla owanikhipha ukwanda funa nge ukwehla kwamanani kunciphe ngokwanda yayo"

I steepness we ijika ngesikhathi imikhiqizo ehlukene kuyahlukahluka. Kwamanye izinzuzo, ke kunciphisa kakhulu, abanye - kuqhathaniswa ngokushelela. Emthambekeni degree (i-engeli) kuzohluka ngokuhambisana nezinguquko ziphoqa ngaphansi kwethonya intengo iyehla iyenyuka. Uma lokhu kuzokwenzeka ngokushesha, kuyoba nezimo, uma kancane, inelastic. Lezi imiqondo zaziqala ukuza ukuhlaziywa komnotho, nokuthi Marshall wawangenisa theory.

Ukuthengisela ukukhiqizwa izindleko

Ukuhlola lezi zigaba, Marshall wabelane izindleko ezengeziwe futhi eziyisisekelo. Ngo ngamagama esimanje, lokhu fixed kanye nezindleko onhlobonhlobo. Ezinye izindleko esikhathini esifushane ayikwazi ukushintshwa. Mayelana nodaba ivolumu kwezimpahla abathintekayo ingxenye izindleko onhlobonhlobo. Inani elikhulu umkhiqizo kuba yipumelelo lokha izindleko abekelwe emaceleni equalized nge engenayo onganakiwe.

izigaba ezintsha

Wokwehla eside izindleko zokukhiqiza okubangelwa ukonga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Le migomo nazo wethulwa ososayensi. Ukuphumelelisa ukonga yangaphakathi kungenzeka ngokwenza ngcono inhlangano kuphinde kukhiqizwe ubuchwepheshe. Kwangaphandle, yona, zilawulwe ezingeni yokugxilisa ingqondo, izindleko, ezokuthutha amakhono. Lezi zici ezihlobene wonke umphakathi. Eqinisweni, kulesi sikhundla ibonisa umehluko phakathi esinqunyiwe kanye Imininingwane izindleko zokukhiqiza.