Ukusetshenziswa: Ukusetshenziswa Umsebenzi. Keynesian ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi

Ukusetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi - omunye imiqondo ebaluleke kakhulu ithiyori kwezomnotho yesimanje. Izindlela ezahlukene lokulungisiswa phambili leligama abalulekile kakhulu ukungafani ukuqonda essence yayo kwangaphakathi.

Umqondo ukusetshenziswa nokonga

ukonga kanye ukusetshenziswa imisebenzi ibalulekile kakhulu ukuqonda okushiwo womnotho emakethe e ukutolika yayo ezahlukene. Esikhathini ifomu evamile ukusetshenziswa kubhekwa njengento imali lesetjentiswe kulesi sifundazwe, injongo eyinhloko okuyinto - ukuthengwa impahla ukusetshenziswa kwanoma iyiphi isevisi. Libuye iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi lezi izimpahla namasevisi ezisetshenziswa kuphela ukuhlangabezana impahla ngamunye nanjengeqembu izidingo ezingokomzwelo nezingokomoya.

Ukusetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa eyasesikhathini ubuhlobo obuseduze kakhulu umsebenzi imali. Yena, akalutho kodwa, njengengxenye okuholela engenayo imisebenzi ethile ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi othile ubuningi futhi okuthiwa ukuphepha isiguqo ngoba ngosuku oluna imvula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imali ethile kungenziwa kwezimayini izakhamuzi in imiklamo ezahlukene, ukuvula ngesikhathi esifanayo ukutshala. Kuyinto ithonya kanye nokuxhumana izakhi emnothweni njengoba ukusetshenziswa, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye ukonga, futhi ingenye nkinga ezinkulu esasisentshonalanga ososayensi kanye zezomnotho we XX futhi xxi eminyaka. A indima ekhethekile kukhala ngomsebenzi D. Keynes.

Izinhlinzeko eyinhloko JM Keynes

D. Keynes kubhekwa omunye izibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuyisayensi kwezomnotho lamashumi amabili leminyaka-. ngegalelo lakhe substantiation ezincwadini ezihlukahlukene nezindaba komnotho omkhulu wabona eziningi imiklomelo ezweni noma emhlabeni jikelele, kanye ukubukeka eside ekhethekile - "Keynesianism" lisetshenziswe ukubonisa indawo ekhethekile imfundiso neo-classic.

Keynesian ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi - nje eyodwa zoMthetho umqondo walo neoclassical. Ingqikithi yalo iwukuba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yokuthi iyiphi priori uhlelo emakethe engazinzile, futhi ngakolunye - ukuthi sidinga esebenzayo inqubomgomo kahulumeni ku isiqondiso kokungenela ohlelweni. Ukuvusa ngokufunwa, usosayensi waveza emsebenzini wakhe, uhulumeni ithuba ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze unqobe obumbi. Ukusetshenziswa, ukonga kanye play utshalomali kuleli cala, indima ebalulekile kakhulu.

Umsebenzi yokusindisa futhi ukusetshenziswa njengengxenye ebalulekile ekwakhekeni ukudingeka kwezinsiza

Ngo izibalo yakhe theory D. Keynes aphuma yokuthi inkinga eyinhloko cishe kunoma iyiphi ithiyori kwezomnotho ukudala ukulingana phakathi kwaneliswe isidingo, kanye ambalwa yokuqala kufanele ibe ngaphambi wesibili. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ukudingeka kwezinsiza - ke kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni ukukhuphuka unomphela ezingeni imali kazwelonke, okuyinto umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kwanoma iyiphi umbuso emnothweni emakethe.

Ngakho, Keynesian ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi - isisekelo ekukhuleni kahle nomphakathi wonkana. A indima enkulu e nencazelo yalo efanele kanye nokuqaliswa isezandleni isimo.

Ukusetshenziswa futhi oyiyo

Uma eqhathaniswa nekusisa, ukusetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi inendima omningi esikhathini omkhiqizo yiliphi izwe. Ngokusho idatha yamuva, kumane kuka 50%, kanti e-United States ezweni lethu - cishe u-70%. Ngakho, ukusetshenziswa - inkomba ayisihluthulelo ubudlelwane emakethe futhi degree of ithonya isimo izinqubo zomnotho kuleli zwe.

Amaphethini ukusetshenziswa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa zonke izindleko lomndeni esithile. Nokho, ukuze kube lula ukuba sihlaziye ukusetshenziswa ezifuywayo zedivayisi ezweni lonke, ngokuvamile ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amaningana eyinhloko yokuthutha izimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo, lizinga yokufuna lapho labantu is zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu eziningana. Kusolwa ukuthi isethi izimpahla namasevisi uthenge umkhaya ngamunye ethize - uhlukile, ngakho ukuhlaziywa jikelele wasebenzisa imodeli lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi.

imodeli Engel: ubunjalo nomphumela

Model, echaza umsebenzi ukusetshenziswa kwezomnotho, waziwa ngokuthi imodeli Engel emva izibalo ezidumile German Engxenyeni XIX leminyaka by E. Engel yesibili.

Usosayensi isiJalimane, bebeka imithetho yabo, esekelwe yokuthi iqembu ku bo chitha kambaphambili ngekulandzelana elandelayo: ukudla, izingubo zokugqoka, indawo yokuhlala (indlu), ezokuthutha, izinsizakalo zezempilo kanye nezemfundo, imali zanqwabelana.

Nokho, Engel hhayi kuphela ezikhonjwe la maqembu, kodwa futhi yabonisa iphethini ocacile: uma umholo umndeni phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi inyuka, izindleko ukudla izonyuka, ukunciphisa ukuhileleka kwabo isakhiwo ingqikithi ukusetshenziswa. Nokho, ngokushesha kakhulu ukwanda izimali kufanele sikhule imali, kusukela, ngokuvumelana Engel, zingabantu iqembu izimpahla okunethezeka.

Keynesian ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi: eziyinhloko ukuthonya choice of izakhamuzi kuqala

Nokho, D. Keynes ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe uyavumelana ne nomqondo Engel wawunika ukubukeka siphelile kakhudlwana futhi izibalo ukuqinisekiswa. Ngokusho bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, ukusetshenziswa kunqunywa izici ezilandelayo.

Okokuqala, lezi izimali ukuthi kukhona izakhamuzi ngemva kokuba inkokhelo kuzo zonke izintela nezimali saziso esimweni. Lokhu iholo alahlwayo - isisekelo izindleko ikusasa izakhamuzi.

Okwesibili, Keynes ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi ehilelekile onjalo kuyinkomba ebaluleke njengoba isilinganiso ezingeni izindleko (ie ukusetshenziswa) kuya lemali engenayo. Lokhu isici libizwa propensity isilinganiso ukudla, kanti futhi ngokusho usosayensi, lokhu isilinganiso kufanele kancane kancane wehlise abahola okwandisa.

Ekugcineni, okwesithathu, Keynes yethulwa ngokukhethekile into ezifana ezingeni oyinhloko propensity ukudla. Lesi isilinganiso ikhombisa Ingxenye ukusetshenziswa imali ukuthi isakhamuzi lithole okwedlula imali zabo zangaphambili.

I postulates eziyisisekelo Keynes

Ukusetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi, eye yathuthuka futhi wafakazela izibalo Economist owaziwa, okwaholela esiphethweni sokuthi ngokukhula omholo kanye senyusa imali yayo phezu ukusetshenziswa. Nokho, futhi lokhu - umqondo ayisihluthulelo Keynes, akuzona zonke imali eyengeziwe uzobe esichithwa ukusetshenziswa, ingxenye kungenzeka ku nekusisa. Izinto eziyinhloko ezinomthelela lokhu ukusatshalaliswa usosayensi kwenziwe lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Ukusetshenziswa - iyisici ukuthi inquma indlela yokuphila babempofu futhi amakilasi phakathi. Uma sikhuluma elite lapha cishe yonke imali eyengeziwe liphenduka ukonga noma utshalomali.
2. Ukusetshenziswa akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimweni kokwethula umuntu ngamunye nomndeni, kodwa futhi isimo senhlalo. Yathandwa ukuthi ngisho nabantu imali hhayi okukhulu kakhulu kwabanye bavame ukuba (okungenani ingxenye) ukuthenga izinto zitholwa kwezakhi secondary futhi ephakeme emphakathini, ayezosebenza njengabaqondisi uhlobo ejwayelekile nomphakathi. Yingakho ngokuvamile kakhulu ezingeni ekongeni kwezakhi ephansi kakhulu ngezansi ngisho lokho kungenzeka.
3. Lokhu Iholo elingakanani falling ukusetshenziswa kuzokhulisa ngesilinganiso okukhulu kunalokhu lawa inqubo reverse.

Isiphetho main kusukela lezi postulates ka Keynes ukungabi inyuka oqondile (noma ukwehla) ubudlelwane phakathi ukwanda omholo kanye ukusetshenziswa ukukhula.

Ukumelwa sokuqhafaza imisebenzi

Zonke ezizathwini ezihleli nemibono Keynes etholwe uvumelane isheduli ukusetshenziswa. Ukusetshenziswa schedule umsebenzi emgceni locondzile, elise engela kuya eksisi evundla kabili, ukubaluleka okuyinto esingaphansi 45 °, ngaphezulu emakethe athuthukile kule umphakathi mayelana.

iphuzu Virtual okuyinto ephambana lwezikhathi olulindelekile, zonke ukuqhutshwa waya ukusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwayo, ngokuthi iphuzu lapho kungekho imali, kodwa umndeni ayenzi sokubolekwayo. Ngakwesokudla lo msebenzi kuyinto zone imali omuhle washiya - negative, okungukuthi, umuntu onjalo iyaphoqeleka ukuba aphume ukubolekisa ukuze aqinisekise okungenani enhle eyisisekelo.

ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi umugqa enwetshiwe ngakwesokudla. Ukuze nithole ezingeni ukusetshenziswa, kubalulekile ukubala ibanga ukusuka y-eksisi ukuze iphuzu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo quantified imali ingabalwa, kokuba ukusika umsebenzi ku-bisector.

umthetho kwenqondo Keynes

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, phakathi kwezinye izinto, usosayensi American owethulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo umqondo yesayensi "propensity eziseceleni kudle", okuyinto quotient ukukhula ukusetshenziswa kulelo imali. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu ubuhlobo sekukhona "umthetho ngokwengqondo Keynes" abadumile.

Ingqikithi yalo mthetho kuqinisekisa esimisweni ukusetshenziswa - ayanda ezingeni engenayo kumuntu othile noma umndeni othize, iningi lezi zimali ezengeziwe kokuya ukonga. Ngokusho isakhiwo imali kungaba bahlulelwe inhlalakahle umndeni ezingeni kanye nezinga ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wezwe lonke umphakathi.

Lo mthetho kufakazela futhi washayelwa ekhulwini XIX, isimiso Umbuso. Umthengi Umbuso umsebenzi sinikezwa ukwaneliseka ubuhlobo bazo zonke izinzuzo futhi inani eliphelele atholwe impahla izimpahla namasevisi. The ephakeme ezingeni imali, kanye nezinga kuwusizo izinto ngazuza ngenhla.