Imithetho Draco e-Athens. izici Jikelele imithetho Draco

Dragon, noma Drakonta - lesishaya-Athene, imithetho kabani ogulisa ngokwedlulele nomthelela ukuvela aphorisms ezifana "izinyathelo draconian", okubhekise ngokweqile izinhlawulo esiqinile iqhaza ngezinga elithile ukuze uqinise isimo nge isitatimende esicacile izimiso zalo eziyisisekelo zomthetho.

Zakudala lwebulungisa

Kuyaziwa ukuthi izakhamuzi Attica (endaweni lapho Athens sasikhona) e VII. BC. e. namanje baqhubeka ukwenza ngokuvumelana ngemithetho ephathelene nezizwana lasendulo. izindinganiso zabo ndoda wanamuhla kungase kubonakale aqinise isandla ngokweqile. Ngu sekuyisikhathi eside igunya imperial lapha gone, ngakho izinduna Inqubomgomo wabusa noma archons, bakhethwa hlangana abantu eziphakeme ukuzedlula zonke.

Eqinisweni, Athene yena wabusa ingqikithi abantu 9. Chief phakathi kwabo kwaba Archon-eponym - Ungumuntu wokuqala kwinqubomgomo, Archon Basilio wahlanganyela izindaba eziphathelene ngenkolo, Archon-polemarch wayephethe ezindabeni zezempi, kanye asele archons eziyisithupha fesmofetov-led magistracy zasemadolobheni kanye ukwengamela ukusentshenziswa kwe umthetho futhi imithetho imisebenzi enkantolo.

Kilonovskaya Nezinkinga

Kakade ekupheleni VII leminyaka. BC. e. Athens, labantu waqonda ukuthi umthetho ngesimo lapho likhona, kumele kuguqulwe ngokushesha. Isizathu sokuqala, okuyinto kwaphoqa iziphathimandla ezinjalo kabusha zokwahlulela, babe zikhathi ezinzima, okuyinto edingekayo izinhlawulo ezibophayo kakhulu ngokwephula umthetho endaweni yangasese, kanti eyesibili - ukunganeliseki okwandayo ethandwa okubangelwa izinyathelo ngokungenasizathu abahluleli, aristocrats, ukuze bangazise incazelo umthetho njengoba ubona kufanelekile.

Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi esinye sezici okuyinto baba neqhaza elikhulu lokubhala imithetho emisha zenkantolo, okubizwa ngokuthi Kilonovskaya seziyaluyalu. Kukholakala ukuthi endaweni ethile phakathi 636 kanye 624 eminyakeni BC. e. a Colon wohlanga olukhulu azame ukugumbuqela umbuso ngenkani kwinqubomgomo, kodwa akusebenzanga, ngoba wavinjelwa ukuba abantu ababengabendlu umndeni ahlukile Alcmaeonidae. ubudlova yabo yayinzima ukuze abavukeli ngisho ababebalekele kuma altare onkulunkulu, zafakwa ngokushesha abulawe. nangobudlova okunjalo aristocrats futhi desecration kukhona abathukuthele ngu-Athene ukuze bahlambalaza zonke Alcmaeonidae.

nomthetho omusha

Ngemva Kilonovskogo uzungu ukuthi uma kunqoba amenze amandla omashiqela Eupatridae ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba ngandlela-thile khombisa statesmanship. Yingakho umthetho Athene, kwanqunywa ukuba ngcono. Lo msebenzi wabelwa omunye eziyisithupha archons-fesmofetov. Kukhethwa wawela phezu Drakonta njengoba wajabulela ngenhlonipho enkulu emphakathini kwaba umuntu ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza futhi sinamandla. Wonke lo msebenzi azenzile ngesikhathi 621 BC. e. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhanya uvele imithetho Draco.

Kuze kube manje, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi idokhumenti yokuqala ebhaliwe iziqondiso zomthetho force endaweni Athens. Nakuba lesi sitatimende kuyinto debatable. Kungaba more efanele ukukhuluma ngomthetho lokuqala esekhona ebhaliwe, njengoba ngokuvamile iyiphi mithetho reprocessing kuphela kakade kanye kwezinkambiso pre-ekhona. Isibonelo kulokhu singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela esitatimendeni zika-Aristotle, ukuthi ngisho in the 80s kwekhulu efanayo, Archons-fesmofety abawenzayo kakade kulo msebenzi.

izici Jikelele imithetho Draco

Impumelelo eyinhloko amazinga olusha babé yemfanelo ngokucace kakhudlwana echaziwe nababusi, izimiso kanye nezinqubo ukhetho zabo okuthunyelwe. Nakuba iqoqo imithetho Draco futhi equkethwe atikili ambalwa mayelana isakhiwo sepolitiki umbuso, kodwa abawona ebalulekile kuleli qoqo, njengoba kuboniswa igama layo - "siko".

Ngesisekelo imithetho emisha ngokucace kakhudlwana kuchazwa izinhlawulo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene amacala. Ezinye imithetho Draco, akungabazeki, kubonakale ngokungadingekile unonya. Thatha okungenani ezifana ieala engenacala njengesisulu ukweba izithelo noma imifino, kodwa ngoba ethembele isigwebo sentambo! Kodwa ukubulala isela uzibophezele ezivikela noma ukubuya izimpahla zabo, ubugebengu futhi ayibhekwa njengeyingozi. Isigwebo sokufa ukuthi bazitshela ngecala lokubulala, nokushisa ngenhloso desecration. Drakonta wawunikeza inkambiso okubonakala kusisize ngalutho - isijeziso lokubulala nezinto ezingaphili.

Lezi ezintsha emthethweni lobugebengu

Njengoba wazi, imithetho Draco kubonakala intuthuko ekuthuthukisweni okwakwenzeka ngaleso sikhathi emphakathini Athene. Ngokokuqala ngqá Kwaba khona ukwahlukana ecacile lokubulala okungahlosiwe, wakuhlela ukubulala futhi lizinikele enqubeni ukuzivikela. kubhekwe eceleni ubugebengu ezihlobene bokuhlukaniswa ukuphila nabakhohlisi nodade, abafazi, amadodakazi nonina. Esikhathini esifanayo isigaba ukuwa abazibulala phakathi umcimbi wezemidlalo, kodwa futhi ngenxa izingozi ehlukahlukene.

Arheopaga kungumsebenzi kwaba ukubukeza ubugebengu kuphela ngenhloso esaholela abalimala womuntu. Isijeziso ukwenza okubulala onjalo kwakuyiNkosi isigwebo sokufa. Singahlosile njengokungathi ibhodi ekhethekile ehlanganisa efetov abaneminyaka engama-50. Nokubulala ngokuvamile sona ukuxoshwa icala. Tinhlobo letehlukene izinhlawulo, ezinjengezinkunzi, esetshenzisiwe kuqhathaniswa izakhamuzi abaye benza nezinye lwamacala.

Kufanele ukuthi imithetho Draco e-Athens isinyathelo ngempumelelo futhi kwakusekelwe ikakhulu yakhelwe ukuba unqobe lo evamile ngenkathi Vendetta, ngoba akuvumelekile yokulungisa lynching. Kulokhu, umthwalo, mayelana necala lokubulala walala kuphela umuntu uzibophezele ke, hhayi kuwo wonke umndeni, njengasekuqaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wazala isijeziso, futhi nguye owaphemba lokubulala.

Inani

Kuvunyiwe umphakathi Athene imithetho Draco, okwakubekelwa ekhonjwe ngenhla izici wabonisa ngokucacile ukuthi bafuna ukuqeda igalelo amasiko abomdabu futhi liqalise empilweni yakho olusha ubudlelwane isimo imodeli kanye ekilasini.

Naphezu kwalezi zimo ezinhle umthetho kunalokho elawula, ukuthuthukiswa komthetho ngesiGreki namanje wathutha ngithuthuke. Njengoba ubhala imithetho emisha aristocrats owayehlezi ezinkantolo ayelinganiselwe izenzo zabo icaciswe imithetho, ukukhishwa ezingasetshenziswa ukuqinisekiswa kalula.

ukukhanselwa

Mlando Iningi lithi bonke imithetho Draco lasetshenziswa ensimini Polis kuze 594 BC. AD kuze kwekuhlela kabusha bakhe abazange baziphathe Solon -. Aristocrat Athene futhi umthengisi yimpumelelo. Yena waqeda iningi imithetho elisungulwe 621 BC. e., kodwa washiya lezo eziphathelene ukuzivikela kanye nokubulala. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwawona Drakonta, naphezu imithetho yayo eqinile endulo wajabulela ngenhlonipho enkulu, futhi igama lakhe futhi manje belingana okungcono izishayamthetho ngamazwe.