KumiswaIndaba

ZamaJalimane Order neRussia: ukuphikiswa

Umlando, njengoba sazi, siphindiwe. Kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule, ukulingana kwamandla kumephu geopolitical ishintshile izikhathi eziningi, zazibonakalisa wanyamalala isimo, intando ababusi ibutho baphuthuma umbelesele inqaba, emazweni akude befa, izinkulungwane eziningi amasosha engaziwa. Ukuchitheka Russia nangalowo zamaJalimane oda isibonelo imizamo yokusabalalisa uHlelo okuthiwa "amagugu Western" e-East yeYurophu, kushabalele. Umbuzo kanjani okukhulu kwakukhona amathuba amabutho knightly elikhulu ukuze siwuphumelele.

Isimo sokuqala

Ekupheleni nambili ntshonalanga ekhulwini Rus sise sesimweni okungase libhekene esesiwazi "phakathi isando kanye nensimbi." Batu isinyathelo eningizimu-ntshonalanga, walichitha kanye abakuphangayo disparate ubukhulu Slavic. nokugqugquzela zamaJalimane Knights waqala ingxenye aseBaltic. Inhloso yecebo amabutho Christian, upapa wamemezela ukuthi babegqoka ekuletheni yamaKatolika ukwazi lalolo hlanga, ukuzijayeza kanti ubuqaba. izizwe Finno-Ugric futhi Baltic babe ukuphikiswa ababuthakathaka ngomqondo wezempi, futhi ayehlasela esigabeni sokuqala ekuthuthukiseni ngempela ngempumelelo. Esikhathini kusuka 1184 kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala, eziningi zokunqoba sivunyelwa ukuba siqhubeke impumelelo, ukusungula castle Riga babuye bahlanganise bridgehead yolaka olwengeziwe. Empeleni European impi eRoma umemezele 1198, ayenayo icebo lokuba sibe uhlobo ukuziphindiselela ukunqotshwa eZweni Elingcwele. Izindlela kanye imigomo beqiniso babeyidlanzana ekude kakhulu nezimfundiso zikaKristu - babenesifiso izisusa kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho evelele. Ngamanye amazwi, lo Crusaders bafika ezweni Estonia futhi Livonians ukuba azitike futhi bamba. Emngceleni osempumalanga ye zamaJalimane oda nokulandelela eRussia ekuqaleni yomngcele ezivamile XIII ekhulwini zaimeli.

izingxabano Military esigabeni sokuqala

Ubuhlobo Teutons futhi Rus zaziyinkimbinkimbi, uhlamvu yabo kwamiswa ngesisekelo the abasafufusa ezingokoqobo ezempi nezombusazwe. ukukhathazeka Trade kwaholela imifelandawonye zesikhashana kanye nokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela ngokumelene izizwe ezingamaqaba, lapho isimo wabizela kwezimo ezithile. ukholo lobuKristu Jikelele, Nokho, akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa Knights kancane kancane ukuphishekela umgomo induku ukholo yamaKatolika labantu Slavic, okuyinto eyabangela abantu abathile ukukhathazeka. 1212 kwaphawulwa nomkhankaso wempi kuhlanganiswe nanhlanu senkulungwane Novgorod futhi polochanskogo amasosha inani izingidi. Lokhu kwalandelwa kuthula emfushane. ZamaJalimane Order neRussia langena enkathini yezimpi, okuyinto kwakufanele amashumi.

unswinyo Western XIII ekhulwini

"Chronicle of Livonia" Henrik liqukethe ulwazi mayelana ekuvimbezeleni castle Novgorod Wenden e 1217. Izitha namaJalimane Danes babé ababefuna ubambe nocezu enzuzweni we aseBaltic. Zasungula eliqaphile, inqaba "Taan Lynn" (manje Revel). Lokhu wadala nobunzima ezengeziwe, kuhlanganise nalezo eziphathelene kanye supply. Mayelana nalezi futhi eziningi nezinye izimo, kwakufanele bonyana enze ngokuphindaphindiwe ubukeza nezinqubomgomo zayo zempi, zamaJalimane Order. Isimo Sengqondo ne Russia savela kuphangwa eyinkimbinkimbi ku ezindaweni baqhubeka, kudingeka izinyathelo sina yokulwisana.

Nokho, amahanisi awuhambisani ngokuphelele izifiso. UPapa Gregory IX ukuqhuba ngokugcwele izenzo lempi abanawo ngokwanele kwemali futhi, ngaphezu izinyathelo ngemibono ayengakwenza ukuze melanani amandla Russian kuphela ukuvinjelwa komnotho wenarha yabo boke Novgorod, lapho kwakwenziwa 1228. Namuhla, lezi zenzo yayiyobizwa ngokuthi unswinyo. Abazange yimpumelelo, abathengisi Gotland hhayi anikele inzuzo ngenxa sobupapa nezifiso nolaka futhi ingxenye enkulu indiva izingcingo ukuba ukuvinjelwa.

Inganekwane izindimbane "Knights zamaJalimane"

imikhankaso Ucishe yimpumelelo in the ifa Knights baqhubeka phakathi nokubusa Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, ngaphansi Yuriev ukunqoba ulilethele edolobheni ohlwini nemingenela ka Novgorod (1234). Eqinisweni, komkhuba ukuze ngiqaphele mass umfanekiso izindimbane abagqoke izikhali kwamabutho ezimpi zokholo, Storming Russian komuzi, adalwe abenzi mafilimu (ikakhulukazi Sergeem Eyzenshteynom), ngokusobala, akusiyo uhambisane iqiniso ngokomlando. Knights ayemaningi umzabalazo positional, uzama ukugcina bona wakha izinqaba nezinqaba, ngezinye izikhathi isibindi kuphangwa sendlela abanesibindi, njengoba entsha. Oda zamaJalimane neRussia namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu XIII kwadingeka isisetshenziswa elisekela ezahlukene, kanye nobuhlobo babo savela ezingasho hhayi umusa wabahlaseli German.

Alexander saseNevsky

Isihloko iSikhulu Novgorod hola uzowanqoba abaseSweden, ababebe nesibindi sokuba yomhlaba 1240 emhlabathini isiRashiya, ngesikhathi somfula iNeva. Izinhloso "kokwehla" akungabazeki kanye abasha, kodwa kakade i nomholi wezempi abanolwazi (esikoleni kayise) led ibutho lakhe elincane ecasula. Ukunqoba kwaba umvuzo isibindi, futhi kwakungeyona zokugcina. Enye impi eRussia we zamaJalimane Order, ngofaka Knights e 1242, kushabalele ngenxa laba bahlaseli. impi uhlelo, okuyinto eye kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi "Battle Eqhweni" waba lolungenamaphutsa wakhulelwa lwenteke ngempumelelo. Prince Alexander saseNevsky wakucabangela izici isimo sezwe, usebenzisa amacebo ababezibheka, wacela usizo we zidlamlilo, etholakele usizo kwakhe okubi lempi, ngokuvamile, ukusebenzisa zonke izinsiza ezikhona, futhi ngeke, uyikhazimulisile igama lakhe kuwo wonke umlando. Ezansi Peipsi kwesokunxele eside amabutho amaningi esitha, futhi lonke amaqhawe babulewe noma lithunjwa. 1262 iphawulwa ezincwadini zomlando njengoba usuku umfelandawonye Novgorod nesikhulu Lithuanian Mindaugas, ngawo ukuvinjezelwa wathwalwa Wenden, kungaphumeleli ngokuphelele, kodwa hhayi kwehlulekile: amabutho esitha ahlangene ziye zabangela umonakalo ebalulekile. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, zamaJalimane Order neRussia cishe saphela mutual kwezempi iminyaka eyisithupha. Ingabe esihle Novgorod ku division of ayezozibusa yesivumelwano.

Ukugcwaliswa ingxabano

Zonke izimpi ziphelile. Futhi yaphela nesimo eside, okuyinto lwabuthana Livonian zamaJalimane Order neRussia. Ukukhuluma omfushane singenziwa ka isiqephu yokugcina ingxabano enkulu yesikhathi eside - Battle of Wesenberg, manje ngilukhohliwe. Wayeziqhuba ngo-February 1268 wabonisa ubuthakathaka of the kuhlangene amabutho Danish-German, ezazifuna ukuba ahoxise lesi simo jikelele amasu ukuze zihambelane nabo. Ngesikhathi esigabeni sokuqala Knights ephethwe wokukhipha isikhundla zamaqhawe eholwa indodana ka-Aleksandru saseNevsky, uDmitry. Lokhu kwalandelwa balwe amabutho azinkulungwane ezinhlanu, isitha babaleka. Ngokusemthethweni, impi yaphela ngo-draw: amabutho Russian kuhlulekile ukuthatha inqaba uwuvimbezele kubo (mhlawumbe, inkinga enjalo futhi akuhloselwe ngenxa yokwesaba ukulahlekelwa ezinkulu), kodwa lokhu kanye nezinye imizamo kancane wokuvelela ukuthatha Teutons isinyathelo kuhlulekile. Namuhla ziyafana izinqaba walondoloza kuphela.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 zu.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.