Imodeli iziqondisi: American, isi-Japanese, isiJalimane kanye Chinese

isizwe ngasinye yakha uhlelo ayo kazwelonke kwezomnotho. Iziphathimandla zizama ukwenza umnotho wokuncintisana futhi ukufeza izibopho yezenhlalakahle ukuba izakhamuzi zawo. Kukhona amamodeli we emakethe, a ukuhlelemba, kukhona luyingxenye zokuphatha umyalo nezakhiwo yokungenela wombuso izinqubo zezomnotho. Yiziphi izici ngamunye wabo? Kanjani imigomo yokuthuthuka okuhle okungakghoneka kwezomnotho emazweni aseNtshonalanga ezahlukene kakhulu?

Yiziphi imodeli kwezomnotho

Umnotho emhlabeni usebenza ngaphansi onobuhle ezahlukene. Indlela yokunquma izakhiwo ngamunye wabo, impela eningi. Emphakathini lesimanje lesayensi ethandwa ezimbili - ifomu oqavile kobunikazi nezisetshenziswa umsuka ukuthuthukiswa komnotho nezinqubo zokuthatha nokudidiyela nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zomnotho. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zindlela ezimbili, ukuthola amaqembu amaningana amamodeli we emnothweni. Lapha benjalo.

imodeli 1. umyalo umnotho

Libhekene predominance zombuso impahla amafomu kuzinto kwezomnotho. Imisebenzi nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zomnotho esekelwe iziqondiso zokuphatha kanye umyalo esikhishwa iziphathimandla. izindlela Key ukuthi unqume ukuthi yini ukukhiqiza, kanjani ukusabalalisa futhi ngokusebenzisa lokho iziteshi exchange, elakha uhulumeni. Umyalo umnotho wase-USSR sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi. Phakathi kwamazwe ekhona, lokhu imodeli has, ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, North Korea.

2. MODEL KWEZOMNOTHO

Libhekene yokuthi izinsiza ingxenye enkulu emelelwa yangasese, anenkululeko izintengo. Isimo akuphazamisi izinqubo yezomnotho kanye akusho atimbandzakanye ukusatshalaliswa nanoma iyiphi imithombo.

3. okuxubile imodeli umnotho

Abacwaningi aveze ukuthi emakethe noma imodeli umyalo injalo okumsulwa namuhla, awavamile. Noma kunjalo, uhulumeni engenelela ezindabeni zebhizinisi cishe kuwo wonke amazwe ukuthi ligqugquzela amagugu wemakethe khulula. kukhona indawo, noma ezingekho emthethweni, kodwa namanje unezimpawu ezizimele yena, ngisho e-North Korea.

imodeli ezixutshiwe umnotho namuhla, ngokusho kongoti - okuvame kakhulu emhlabeni. Umbuto ukutsi inkulu kangakanani nokuthi yini ebonakala indzima yembuso ohlelweni zezomnotho zezwe elilodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izimo, kubaluleke kakhulu ngisho degree of kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni ezindabeni zebhizinisi njengoba wezombusazwe.

Uyini iziqondisi

Ngaphambi ukuhlola imodeli we iziqondisi emazweni ahlukahlukene, sitadisha izici jikelele lolu hlobo indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho. Umbandela main lapha - ukuthi ngokulinganayo indima engadlalwa uhulumeni kanye nemkhakha wangasese ibalulekile. Futhi isipho ngezabelo efanayo kokubili izinhlobo impahla. Nokho, izindlela kwezomnotho eziyisisekelo namanje kunqunywa emakethe. Isimo futhi sigcwalisa kubo ngokusebenzisa izinguquko kule nomthetho zokulawula.

Yini zibheke kokungenela isimo emakethe ukwenza? Kungani ungamtsheli ibhizinisi ukuntanta ngokukhululekile? Abanye osomnotho bathi lokhu kubangwa yokuthi ngaphansi ekuhwebeni kunobungozi ukuthi Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi wehlelo izakhamuzi kuyoba emphakathini sengozini, abakwazi ukuthola umsebenzi. Futhi akusiyo ukuze kuzuze amabhizinisi angasese, eziningi zazo kudingeka amakhasimende kuphela. Kungaba ngcono uma othile ibanikeze engenayo (makube bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni), kanye nemakethe uyanda ngesikhathi esifanayo. Kukhona inguqulo esebenza ngendlela efanayo imodeli Russian womnotho okuxubile. Ezweni lakubo, ukuhlinzeka imisebenzi izigidi zabantu engxenyeni kahulumeni, lapho ungahlobene nebhizinisi kanye nemakethe ezamahala, zishukumisa zabo amandla okuthenga, kanjalo ezisebenza ngokufanayo, amabhizinisi "oluhlanzekile," ezifana okudayisa, ukudla okusheshayo , okudayisa yezimoto.

Omunye umbono mayelana indima engadlalwa uhulumeni ngendlela iziqondisi okusekelwe khulula nezindaba zamanani. Iqiniso lokuthi emakethe luwukuqagela kakhulu injalo elicwengekileyo. Abaningi abadlali bakhe abakwazanga ukuvumelana inqubomgomo alinganiselayo isici ukwanda kwamanani ukuthengisa, futhi uma bebonisa yalezi zinyathelo, ngokuvamile ngenjongo usole ngokumelene izimbangi, okuholela ukwehla kwamandla emali aqondene yashesha (njengoba kwakunjalo eRussia ekuqaleni kwawo-90 -X, futhi kwamanye amazwe amaningi ezwe elaliyi Bloc sezenhlalo). Ngenxa yalokho, emnothweni shí crisis. Isimo zilethwa ukungenela ayeveza ezimakethe ungakwazi ukulawula Yiqiniso zamanani, okungase kumsize izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kancane.

nemiqondo eyisisekelo iziqondisi

Ake sibone ukuthi yini kukhona imodeli eziyisisekelo ukuhlelemba, esekelwe ubuntu babo ayisisekelo. Ochwepheshe ukukhomba okulandelayo.

1. Neoetatistskaya imodeli

Sici Its main - ukusungulwa izimboni eziqavile, kanye nomthelela emakethe, ukuze ikhono labadlali ngamunye mayelana efanayo. Kwezinye izimo, imigomo yezomnotho zifaka izindlela antitrust.

2. Imodeli neo-ovulekile

Libhekene ukungenela uhulumeni ngaphansi ezimakethe kuka e simo neoetatistskom. Iziphathimandla zizama ukuthonya izinga ukusebenza ezikhungweni kwezomnotho, kodwa hhayi ngokwawo inqubo yokuncintisana. Nokho antimonopoly ingxenye ingaphinda eziqhutshwa - ukuze khulula Ukuvikelwa mncintiswano.

3. Model isinyathelo okwakuvunyelwene

Ngo osekelwe kuyo - isimiso sokuthola ukusilela phakathi abadlali ezahlukene enqubeni kwezomnotho - ibhizinisi, uhulumeni nomphakathi (ngokuvamile lapho sibhekene inyunyana). Elinesimo izintela kunalokho okusezingeni eliphezulu (ngokuvamile ephakeme kunaleyo emazweni ukuthi abenza imodeli wongxiwankulu ohlulekile) ngokuvamile ibalwe ngesilinganiso ezithuthukayo. Umgomo oyinhloko neziphathimandla - yokufuna izinsiza ukuze silondoloze ukulingana isimo kwezenhlalo yezakhamuzi.

Lawa imodeli ejwayelekile kakhulu yokutheleleka iziqondisi. Yiqiniso, njengoba Yiqiniso engokwemvelo ibhizinisi icubungula eziza kuqala emazweni ahlukahlukene zingahluka. imodeli kaZwelonke we ukuhlelemba, ngokusho kongoti, bavame ukuba ziphenduke ukuzivumelanisa ngokoqobo setepolitiki, imvelo bangaphandle, nakwezobuchwepheshe, ukuvela izimakethe ezintsha.

Izici ukusebenza iziqondisi

kanjani izindlela we ukuhlelemba, emsebenzini? Kanjani umsebenzi izinhlelo nomnotho emazweni lapho zisetshenziswa? Ongoti, ikhumbula yokuthi imodeli kazwelonke wokuba iziqondisi emazweni ahlukahlukene ingase ibe ethile basikisela ukuthi kungenzeka namanje ukwethula ezinye izici ezivamile ngenxa yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho yalolu hlobo. Ulamula kakhulu umnotho okuxubile yamazwe ahlukene ushayele izindlela ezilandelayo.

1. ngobuningi kwemikhiqizo ezimbonini eyenziwe izinkampane ezinkulu, Nokho, okuyinto, bancintisane. Ngakho, izinqubo zezomnotho, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akusho ukusakaza, ngakolunye - akukho esinakho, kungekho umdlali wemakethe, okwakuyoholela imithetho yonke. Ubunikazi wamabhizinisi anjalo isimiso akunandaba - ngisho noma akusiyo umbuso, ibhizinisi noma kunjalo wemfanelo emagunyeni ngenxa izibopho ngokwenqaba ukukhokha izintela nanganoma iminikelo akhawunti umhlalaphansi.

2. Umthetho ngokuyinhloko emphakathini ngamakhasimende. Ngokwesibonelo, osebenza efektri, njengoba umthetho, awukwazi nje uchithe noma ukunciphisa umholo wakhe uma kuqhathaniswa nenye intsha bhalisiwe e inkontileka. Ngakho, umthetho ukhuthaza nokugcinwa amandla wokuthenga we izakhamuzi.

3. Standardization High nokuvikeleka nezinqubo yokukhokha, kanye nalabo ezinikeza izivumelwano Ukuvikelwa (ngokuvamile ukuthuthukiswa isimiso sokwahlulela). Isimo kulokhu liba yokuzibophezela ukuqinisekisa operation esitebeleni of ibhizinisi, ezidinga, ngokukhethekile, loMfula ngokunemba esiqinile ekuqaliseni nezinqubo yokukhokha. Igatsha sokwahlulelwa uhulumeni yena, iqinisekisa usizo ukuze osomabhizinisi ekuxazululeni nobunzima emkhakheni wezomthetho. State kanye ibhizinisi Svoge usayine inkontileka nomphakathi: iqembu lokuqala lunikeza ukulondeka e izinto eziningi ezisebenza ngokubambisana ukhiye for osomabhizinisi, eyesibili "akhokhe" ngoba ngokusebenzisa izintela umsebenzi wezakhamuzi.

Kuyinto kulezi zici ezintathu zinezikhathi, ngokusho kongoti, zonke imodeli eziyisisekelo ukuhlelemba, nabo bonke umehluko kungenzeka phakathi kwazo ngokuya ukuqaliswa eNgophezukonke izindlela lezomnotho kazwelonke.

Kanjani iziqondisi?

Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo ukuthi "okuqhubekayo", ngokusho kongoti eziningi, imodeli emakethe uvele ngaphambi okuxubile. Kwenzeka isimanga ngoba ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili "ekuhwebeni" ifomu le-capitalism ngaphandle abalulekile isimo ukuphazamiseka wayengekho njengoba nomphumela njengoba izifundo okulindeleke ubudlelwane kwezomnotho. Imakethe phathelana kulawulwa iziphathimandla. Kulo mzamo siphambuke imodeli bese ubuyela "ekuhwebeni" baqala ochwepheshe abaningi abakukholelwayo, imbangela esibucayi e-US kuleli eminyakeni engu-30 sika. Zezomnotho ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusebenza kahle emnothweni Kusafanele isho indima ebalulekile kahulumeni. Ngakho, imodeli okuxubile ukwakhiwa kwezomnotho kazwelonke uvele 30-40s. Phakathi nempi, eziseqhulwini States athé ukwehluka ngenxa isidingo sokuba kunakekelwe ngokwezinto wamabutho ukwesekwa ezinsiza, kodwa ekupheleni emazweni Okwesibili Umhlaba Western waqala ukusebenzisa izimiso we iziqondisi esiye sanezela kakhulu asebenzayo. imodeli yanamuhla kwezomnotho kulawo mazwe - umphumela ukuqaliswa okuqhubekayo izimiso ezinikeza ukusilela phakathi inhlokodolobha ezimele kanye nekahulumeni.

ukuhlelemba e-US

Indlela usebenza emazweni ahlukahlukene, imodeli womnotho okuxubile? Ake sicabangele kafushane izici ezifanele isibonelo amandla kwezomnotho enamandla kakhulu. Ake uqale nge-United States. Imodeli American we ukuhlelemba, ngokusho kongoti eziningi, libhekene sakugcina isimo ukungenela izinqubo zezomnotho. uhlobo abafanele impahla kuyinto indima kuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa yangasese. A indima yokuhola emnothweni US udlala capital non-state, kodwa isiqondiso salo kuphethwe iziphathimandla - ngokusebenzisa ukushicilelwa imithetho ephathelene yokubika, izibopho kwezenhlalo, ukukhokhwa kwezintela kanye nezinye izindleko. Indima iziphathimandla emnothweni US kungenzeka olubonakalayo ingxenye izivumelwano umphakathi, ikakhulukazi ukuzivikela futhi ewubuciko besayensi. Njengoba yaziwa, US wezempi isabelomali - angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-500 zamaRandi.

osomnotho abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi imodeli US a iziqondisi okuhloswe ngaso inkanuko kwezamabhizinisi nezomphakathi. In practice, lokhu ungaboniswa ubuncane imicikilisho ukuqala ibhizinisi. Futhi, amaqembu ababasekelayo, abahola kancane baseMelika akuzona izindlela ezidlula ezifana kwamanye amazwe amaningi aseNtshonalanga. namarhubhelo wokungasebenzi nezinzuzo anganikeza ngaphandle ukuthi nezidingo ngaphansi amanani abakhona e-United States. Ngakho-ke, izakhamuzi futhi silwele ukuthola umsebenzi noma ibhizinisi labo siqu.

Umnotho Model okuxubile eJalimane

Imodeli German elinesimo iziqondisi? Ochwepheshe bakubiza ngokuthi isici esiyinhloko njengoba isikhathi uzwakalise orientation nomphakathi. Futhi sihlukanisa amaJalimane kusukela baseMelika. Izinzuzo efanayo eJalimane unikeze ejwayelekile ehloniphekile nawo ezingeni lekuphila. Iziphathimandla German ozama ukwakha ukulawulwa emnothweni, waze ukusilela phakathi kokuhamba phambili ibhizinisi nomphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkampani kudingeka usebenze ngempumelelo, laba kanjani nesandla ekukhuleni GDP nokuthuthukiswa komnotho jikelele. Ngakolunye - ubulungiswa emphakathini kufanele kuqinisekiswe.

German imodeli iziqondisi has izici ezilandelayo.

Okokuqala, it is a imvelo fair ukuncintisana. Ngamunye kuncike kule nqubo kwezomnotho, esekelwe inqubomgomo kahulumeni isiJalimane, kufanele abe amalungelo afanayo ukuze ibone amakhono ayo ebhizinisi.

Okwesibili, imodeli German we iziqondisi lisikisela fair ukusatshalaliswa engenayo. Lokhu kungenziwa wezwakalisa njengoba ekukhuthazeni amabhizinisi ekwakheni elinganiselayo tariff ngezikhathi isici kwabasebenzi izikhala, futhi, isibonelo, ukubamba iqhaza ngqo umbuso ulwelwesi lwesisu, kwenze isimo kwezenhlalo yezakhamuzi abakhokhelwayo ehlukile. Ikakhulukazi, ngokuhlinzekwa izinzuzo izindlu, ukwesekwa, umshwalense kanye nemfundo.

imodeli Japanese

Imodeli Japanese we iziqondisi sicaciselwe kakhulu. Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kukhona amasiko oqinile kazwelonke, aba nethonya elikhulu usukela ezingxenyeni eziningi inqubo kwezomnotho. Lona ngokucacile abaphathi ubuhlobo futhi ungaphansi, igcinwe yi-Institute of ufuzo-aspect mkhakha kanye ibhizinisi oluthandwa ukusebenza kuyo. Esinye isici ephawula imodeli Japanese of iziqondisi - evelele kakhulu ukwedlula, bathi, e-US, kokungenela uhulumeni izinqubo zezomnotho. kakhulu kakhulu lubonakaliswa kwencazelo zithwala ayisihluthulelo ekuthuthukisweni komnotho welizwe kazwelonke, izimiso nokuxhumana nabadlali angaphandle. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa ubulungisa efanayo social emnothweni waseJapane.

I-Swedish umqondo

Cabanga ngalokho libhekene imodeli IsiSwidi se iziqondisi. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi eSweden wakha umphakathi, okuyinto eduze elingamazi kwezifiso ejwayelekile sezenhlalo. Izinyathelo uxhaso impahla aqinisekisiwe cishe yonke imikhakha izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki khona noma ukungabi umsebenzi, ubudala, umsebenzi. Kukhona ngisho elithi "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni zaseScandinavia". Yiqiniso, ngo kohlaka mthandazo oyisibonelo, emnothweni has a sentela yebhizinisi umthwalo omkhulu.

Kodwa, esikhundleni salokho, kuba amakhasimende yibhange amandla wokuthenga okusezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nokuvikeleka --aspect lezinkokhelo yasebhange kanye nokulingwa fair, lokho sishilo ngenhla, sibhale izici "ngokubambisana nomphakathi" phakathi kukahulumeni namabhizinisi. Nokho, phakathi zezomnotho zinombono ukuthi imodeli IsiSwidi iziqondisi likhulu kakhulu "sezenhlalo" ukuphambuka. Izinkampani eziningi kuba nzima ukubhekana nemibandela intela umthwalo eqinile.

Imodeli Chinese

Cabanga-ke indlela emakethe isimiso sezomnotho yizwe lamakhomanisi. Kungenzeka kanjani lokho naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e-USSR konke kwabuye kulawulwa isimo? enza imodeli Chinese we iziqondisi kanjani?

Into ewukuthi kusukela ngawo-1970, i-Communist Party yaseChina inqume ukuvula umnotho kazwelonke kubatshali bezimali zangaphandle ukuze basebenzise amandla amakhulu okukhiqiza ezweni. Imithetho ephathelene nokuvulwa kwamagatsha ezinkampani zangaphandle yakhululwa. Kodwa uhlelo lwezombangazwe lwahlala lungashintshi. Abezizwe bakhangwa yizinto ezishibhile ezithathwa ngabantu abakwa-PRC, futhi bazinikela ngokuzithandela emnothweni wombuso wamaKhomanisi, okwenziwe ukuzivula emakethe. Ngenxa yalokho, namuhla iChina ingenye yamandla amakhulu okumboni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokuthi umbuso wezombangazwe awuzange ushintshe, iziphathimandla zaseShayina zinezithuba zokusebenzisa le nsiza ngendlela yokuphatha, njengoba zibona kufanelekile. Isibonelo, ukuyisebenzisa ukuze uthuthukise izinga lokuphila kwezakhamuzi, ukuvikeleka komphakathi. Yikuphi manje, ochwepheshe abaningi abavuma, akusizinga eliphezulu kakhulu.

Kuyafaneleka futhi ukuphawula, ngakho-ke i-China i-Institute of Business Small isithuthukile kahle. Abantu abaningi baseShayina bavula izindawo ezincane nezinzuzo zokwenza inzuzo, izindawo zokudlela, izinkampani zokuthutha. Kuvela ukuthi ngaphansi kobukominisi, i-China ine-capitalist esebenze kakhulu.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwamamodeli

Ake sizame "ukubona ngeso lengqondo" amamodeli angenhla achazwe umnotho ohlangene. Ithebula elifaniswayo nemibono kazwelonke lingabheka into enjengale. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezihlobo ezincane kakhulu, kodwa sizoba nomqondo ojwayelekile wezici zezinhlelo zezomnotho ezweni.

Isici / Izwe	E-USA	EJalimane	I-Japan	Sweden	I-China
Ukuphepha komphakathi	Okuphansi	Okuphakeme	Okuphakeme	Okuphakeme	Okuphansi
Ukungenelela nguhulumeni	Okuphansi	I-moderate	Okuphakeme	Okuphakeme	Okuphakeme
Izintela	I-moderate	I-moderate	Okuphakeme	Okuphakeme	I-moderate
Ubunikazi bamabhizinisi	Ngokuyinhloko kwangasese	Ngokuyinhloko kwangasese	Ngokuyinhloko kwangasese	Ngokuyinhloko kwangasese	Okubalulekile Ukulandelana Isimo

Iziphi iziphetho ezingadonselwa? Naphezu kokuthi kuzo zonke lezi zinto - imodeli yezomnotho ehlanganisiwe, itafula libonisa ukuthi umehluko ulandelwa ezimweni eziningi.