Uyini USD? iyunithi Ezivamile - kungcono ...

Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali futhi ukwehla - izinto ezimbili ezahlukene. Igama elithi likhuluma okokuqala ukukhula amanani yasekhaya, hhayi njalo ezenzeka zonke izingxenye ikhasimende ngezabelo alinganayo. Ngokwesibonelo, imali yokuqasha yakhuphuka yaba ongama e intengo, futhi on amazambane amanani izohlala injalo noma wehlise.

I ukwehla kusho ukwanda izilinganiso zokushintsha zangaphandle ngokuhlobene isikhulu soMbuso lwemali iyunithi. Inqubo reverse ibizwa ngokuthi revaluation.

Kungani lelo zinga ethile yomlando kwezinye iyunithi afanayo, yakhethwa ngentengo noma ngabe yisiphi isizathu, likhethwe njengendlela reference? Cu (Futhi Ngamafuphi nje, i-dollar), kwaphela iminyaka eminingi ezweni lakithi afike wakhonza khona njengenceku indexer kanye ukwehla kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali. Siyini isizathu?

isilinganiso jikelele

Kwake kwaba nesikhathi lapho laseSoviet laqala ruble Russian ilahlekile nakwentiwa cishe kanyekanye ngekukhula dollar, futhi ngokushesha kakhulu. izakhamuzi zanamuhla yilezi iminyaka engamashumi amane ubudala nangaphezulu, khumbula kuhle lokho kufanele. e., umqondo ebusheni kancane eyaziwayo. Ngemva kokuwa langempela kweSoviet yemali uhlelo isilinganiso ekuhloleni ukuthengwa nokudayiswa lezinto (ngisho cishe zonke) kwaba dollar American, ngemibala ekhethekile ngokuthi "green" noma "iklabishi".

Telive lelikhululekile omkhulu ukusebenzisa ekubaleni lemali zakwamanye amazwe eyayingavamile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amahloni. Ayikho into engenziwa, kusukela amakhasi omlando ayikwazi ukususwa. Kwenzekeni, kwenzeka.

Torgsin kanye isheke ezitolo

izitolo lwemali babukhona nakwa-USSR futhi kuqhathaniswa elichumayo bezikhathi zangaphambi yokwakha kabusha. Torgsin yavula ngokuphelele eko ezikude. Injongo ukudalwa izinhlangano ukuhweba sasikabili. Okokuqala, ntombazane izakhamuzi zaseSoviet ngendlela ehlelekile ukuze ahlukane negolide nezinto eziyigugu esenana ukuthi phesheya kwaba atholakale bonke, eSoviet Union zaziyindlala. Okwesibili, zazivela lapha ukuthenga emgqeni, ukhululekile, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ugweme ukuhweba Soviet (zazo kwaba akudingekile ukwazi, bese kamuva at poraskazhut khona ...). Kwenzeka ukuthi abantu bakithi elula wazulazula "Irisidi" noma Torgsin ithuba (izindaba ezinjalo funny kakhulu watshela uVladimir Vysotsky kwelinye iculo lakhe). Imikhiqizo emashalofini wamshaya ukukhanya futhi ezihlukahlukene izinombolo amapuleti elincane kwakubonakala impela ezingabizi, ikakhulukazi njengoba kungekho "dollar izimbungulu" nezinye izinhlamvu angaphandle inani layo likwenza ubone aluboniswa. Ukuzama ukuthenga okuthile umbuzo Wayeqhumbuza: "Kuyini lwemali yakho" umthengi Naive timidly wabuza ukuthi ukukhokha ruble angeke amukelwe ngalolo impendulo ukusebenza zidla ngumthengisi ngekubaluleka: ngalokulandzelako intengo ecacisiwe kumayunithi ajwayelekile. Uncomprehending uchaza lokho y. e., ngemva kwalokho bamshiya eSoviet esitolo namahloni, lapho izakhamuzi zase-USSR kungcono Awuyi ...

Ngo ulwandle amazinga elintantayo

Ngemva ukwethulwa Jamaican lwemali ohlelweni ngo-1978 seliphelile njengoba ebalulekile ubudlelwane kwezomnotho okwenzeka emhlabeni wonke, njengoba ukunamathela ngesandla esiqinile phambili lwemali kokuqukethwe igolide. Ngo Ocean kwezimali phakathi amazinga elintantayo azethembe kulawo mazwe nge esitebeleni amandla wokuthenga we lwemali kazwelonke inikezwa izinkomba macroeconomic ngokuphepha (ibhalansi izinkokhelo, usayizi izikweletu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, ubukhulu GDP nokunye. D.) Izakhamuzi zala mazwe futhi basuke bengazi yileyo USD, kwanele lwemali lalo. Dollar exchange rate kukhona akufunayo nje izihloko namanye amazwe kanye befisa. Kodwa kuyinto nje emali kuba ngaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo futhi kunengqondo. Lapho amanani ukuqala ukuba bakhuphuke ngokushesha kakhulu, nawu umbuzo engokwemvelo nendlela yokulondoloza imali, noma kunalokho, namandla okwenza okuthile esikhathini esizayo ukuthenga. Abantu bephikelela ukufuna ezinye yokubopha izimvu, badinga nethemba ngekusasa.

I dollar noma euro?

Zwisisa ukuthi USD, futhi baqonde ukubaluleka leli gama nineties ukuphila awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela ukuhlaziya isimo somnotho kwenkathi. Ukuwa Union, ephelezelwa izenzakalo esidabukisayo kakhulu, kuhlanganise samanje futhi ukwehla ngokushesha ruble Soviet. Employment kwakubaluleke ngaphezu impahla umfutho dollar iholo, futhi leyo mali manje kubonakala kuwubuwula. Nokho, lokhu kuyinto engokoqobo. Isisebenzi wayazi ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kokushintshashintsha kwamanani okuhwebelana inani izimpahla ukuthi kungadla ukuhlala kuqhathaniswa zinjalo. Nakuba izibalo kuleli zwe Kwakuseshwa kuphela lwemali kazwelonke, intengo kakhulu izimpahla umthengi (ikakhulukazi amazwe) kushiwo "okulingana." Ngemva kwemukelwa lwemali ezivamile European, kunesidingo ukucacisa, uyini amaqophelo ezingxenye zesifundo - dollar noma i-euro.

Umsebenzi wawusuvinjelwe, iziqondiso kanye indlela yokuphuma

Ukungalethembi lwemali kazwelonke futhi isifiso omkhulu izakhamizi ukugcina ukonga izimali zakwamanye amazwe show isimo somnotho okungekuhle owandile ezweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho , izwe uphethwe yilesi sifo singakwenza kungabi eNgophezukonke ngokugcwele. Kuvele ukubonakaliswa okukhulu kwalesi isimo sezombusazwe kungaba "indawo ezihlobene ngokukhululekile" of Puerto Rico, azakhamuzi ngokuzithandela ishiywe lwemali ayo (US dollar uya khona) kanye nezinye izimpawu ezinkulu ukuzimela. IRussia yayinabantu wonke amathuba ukuba abe "banana republic", naphezu ezavela Mashi 1993 yesinqumo sikahulumeni, okuhloswe ngayo ukulawula emakethe exchange angaphandle kanye evimbela nokusakazwa izimali zakwamanye amazwe. Ngokushesha kwaba khona ngendlela elula, kodwa ngokomthetho lihle sokugwema izinhlawulo ngokwephula umthetho lomthetho. Njengomthetho, kuthengiselana kanje: umthengi engqondweni (noma wokubala) ukuhumusha amayunithi ngokungenasizathu ku ruble, lemali ezilotshwe inkontileka yokuthengisa (ngokuvamile phansi), futhi oluhlaza bese okhanyayo, iboshwe imali enjoloba band lidlule isuka kwesinye isandla iye . Legwork amahhovisi exchange ngokuvamile ungakhathazeki akekho.

Amandla kanye nobuthakathaka dollar. Esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka iyunithi esinikelweko ka esikhathini esizayo esiseduze

Izakhamuzi eziningi, ikakhulukazi asebekhulile, abazithandanga ukubusa lwemali US. "Kungani bonke ngakho nokujaha dollar, okuyinto amandla kubo?" - bamangala. "Lezi amaphepha wawunamandla kwezomnotho nezezimboni-United States," - Wachaza esingathí sina, "ukukhanyiselwa zezomnotho." Ingabe kuyiqiniso namuhla?

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukuthembeka dollar elinciphile, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi manje ukhonza njengomdala indlela international yokukhokha. I-US uhlelo lwezimali uhlushwa izinkinga ezingathi sína kwezomnotho, kuhlanganise - i yezinkanyezi izikweletu angaphandle, omkhulu isabelomali ukuntuleka ". Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali yentela", namanye ngemiphumela Perspectives unezela esigayegayeni cishe ongalawuleki umsebenzi imishini Fed enyathelisa imali okungaphephile ngokuqukethwe yangempela.

Kungenzeka ukuthi "khulula-ezintantayo" exchange rate luphela. futhi sidinga uhlobo oluthile ngibopha umnotho wembulunga yonke. Kungase ngokushesha badinga lokuma entsha. Ingabe kube igolide futhi, nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu, noma isimo uvumile ukuthi amaqophelo ezingxenye zesifundo - is ethile namandla washisa (isib, 1 Giga-kilojoule amaningi noma 100 kW / h)? Ukuze embodiments ezinjalo, abanye zezomnotho esithambekele, nezinto ezicatshangwayo ngalokho isilinganiso jikelele ukubaluleka esizayo, bukhomba bamandla alo nemvelo.