Imvelo, uhlalwe izinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu

Asithathe uhambo olubonakalayo iplanethi yethu ezihlukahlukene ophilayo Earth, kuhlale izidalwa eziningi ezahlukene, izinhlobo ezithile lapho kukhona nje abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili. Futhi mingaki nokho ukuba atholwe ngabanye isayensi? Namuhla sizoxoxa nawe mayelana, ekhaya izinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu, igama esikhaleni futhi imvelo lapho kungenzeka akhona. Kodwa okokuqala, ake sithi amagama ambalwa mayelana nemigomo esetshenziswa yithi.

Habitat eziphilayo

Asho bakhelane? Lona isikhala okuyilokho, eqinisweni, afe eziphilayo. Futhi uma ivelaphi ayixhunyiwe ne bokuphila kwesidalwa, kusho ukuthi kumele abhekane ne imvelo ezingaphili (abiotic).

Nazi izinhlobo abanemimoya

Isayensi izinhlobo ezine abezindaba efanelekayo ukuphila: inhlabathi, amanzi, umoya-phansi. Okwesine lososayensi nabo bayavuma eziphilayo ezinika indawo yokuhlala ukuze izidalwa eziwuhlupho, ezisetshenziswa for kweminye imisebenzi yazo esibalulekile emzimbeni izilwane noma izitshalo ophilayo.

Indima imvelo

1. Umzimba akuzuzayo ukudla imvelo. A imvelo ikakhulukazi yena, ingase ilinganisele zisakaza kwesidalwa ngasinye kulo lonke isikhala uhlalwe izinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yesithwathwa ezinzima e-Arctic Circle bangaphila ezimbalwa kuphela zezinhlanzi. Esikhathini ogwadule eSahara, lapho ephezulu kakhulu lokushisa, ukusinda omunye, futhi kwabaningi lokhu Indawo eziphilayo uhlobo isithiyo, isithiyo ukuthi asikwazi ukunqoba.
2. ULwesithathu, uhlalwe izinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu, kuqinisekisa hhayi kuphela khona futhi lithathelwe. Kuthinta la magciwane, kubenze ziphenduke, ukuzishintsha. Futhi ngenxa sokusinda ifomu ezinamandla oqine kakhulu.
3. Life and nomsebenzi izidalwa, esikhundleni salokho, inanethonya sasivumela elinamandla imvelo ethize, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho imisebenzi kwemvelo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo bavame ukukhulula umoya-mpilo emkhathini olondoloza ukulinganisela kwaso oyifunayo. Kodwa izitshalo abaningi bachitha nemisebenzi yabo ukudala isimo somhlabathi, kukhona microclimate okhethekile kunikela ukuthuthukiswa nezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezifana isikhunta noma amagciwane. Kusukela ngoLwesithathu, uhlalwe izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, eqinisweni ngezindlela eziningi ukulolongwa la magciwane.

amanzi

Lona lasendulo iningi ezindaweni ezaziwa. Ngokusho idatha kwesayensi, ukuphila Emhlabeni eladabuka amanzi izilwandle ezimboze kulezo endulo yonke le mbulunga. Futhi kakade ke lasakazekela isimo somhlabathi. Kodwa akubona bonke machibi efanelekayo ukuphila. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi enkulu ekujuleni oLwandle Olumnyama (ngezansi kwamamitha angu-200) kukhona wokuqukethwe lelisetulu-hydrogen sulfide, ngakho kukhona ukuphila cishe akunakwenzeka. Futhi semanzini amaningi ugu kwezilwandle izilwandle, kunalokho, ukwehlukana kwayo amazing. Amanzi, ekhaya ukuze eziphilayo eplanethini yethu - imvelo sisihle kakhulu. Kuningi zezinhlanzi, izimbaza, ulwelwe kungcono ukuhlala khona. Phakathi izakhamuzi imvelo yasemanzini, nanso are labo babe kanjani ukuphefumula umoya, kubalulekile ngezikhathi likhuphuka ekujuleni kolwandle: imikhomo namahlengethwa, isibonelo.

Ground-air

Lihlala iningi ezincelisayo (kuhlanganise indoda), izinyoni, izitshalo ephakeme. Futhi izinambuzane eziningi it libhekene inhlanganisela abezindaba: ukuvela emhlabathini futhi ukuba khona phansi emoyeni. Kungokufanayo uya for izilwane zasemhlabeni esihlokweni le nhlanganisela abukwa.

inhlabathi

Umhlabathi kukhona umswakama kanye nezakhi. Ngakho-ke eziphilayo abaningi bakhetha ke njengoba engokwemvelo evumayo. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi amagciwane athile kanye nesikhunta, izinambuzane (umjikelezo wokuphila ephinde iqala imvelo inhlabathi), ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, arachnids, izimpethu. Ngakho, kwelinye isentimitha skwele umhlaba omnyama Ungakwazi ukusingatha izigidi zezidalwa eziphilayo - amagciwane azibonakali ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama.

imvelo Okwesine - eziphilayo

Ezinye eziphilayo kukhona olwenzeka endaweni ekahle nezilwanyana ezincane (ama-bacterium okufanayo, isibonelo). Ngokwesibonelo, e-esiswini senkomo cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu isisindo kuthatha biomass ehlanganisa nezilwanyana ezincane ezisiza ukugaya. Kodwa phakathi lezi zidalwa kukhona izinambuzane ukukhiqiza microflora pathogenic, okuyinto ngesikhathi esithile "master" bangakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo bangaba bafe nokufa.

Imininingwane okusesihlokweni esithi ingase isetshenziselwe isifundo ngesihloko esithi "Ikuphi ukuze eziphilayo eplanethini yethu ophilayo ekhaya?" (Libanga 5).