Inani labantu base-Bashkiria: labantu, Ukwakheka yobuzwe, inkolo

Bashkirs - abantu basendulo abahlala Urals eningizimu ube eminyaka okungenani ezingu-12. indaba wabo umnandi kakhulu futhi Okumangazayo ukuthi, naphezu imvelo komakhelwane namandla, Bashkirs walondoloza nesiko lako ubunjalo kanye kuze kube manje, nakuba Yiqiniso, nokwenziwa yobuhlanga enza ngayo umsebenzi walo. Inani labantu base-Bashkortostan for 2016 kufana abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-4. Akubona bonke abahlali zakule ndawo kukhona izikhulumi bomdabu namasiko lasendulo, kodwa umoya isizwe lilondolozwe lapha.

isikhundla ezindawo

Bashkortostan itholakala emngceleni eYurophu nase-Asia. ensimini Republic sika square metres nje phezu ayizinkulungwane 143. km futhi ihlanganisa ingxenye East European Plain, uhlelo entabeni South Urals futhi Trans-Urals egqumeni. inhlokodolobha Isifunda sika - Ufa - imizana elikhulu republic, kanye nabo bonke abanye kwedolobha Bashkiria labantu kanye nosayizi indawo kude ngemva kwakhe.

Bashkortostan impumuzo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Iphuzu esiphezulu esifundeni - Zigalga yokhalo (1427 m). Emathafeni futhi amagquma afaneleka kahle ukuba wezolimo, ngakho Bashkiria labantu Sekuyisikhathi eside wahlanganyela nemfuyo kanye nokukhiqiza izitshalo. Republic amumethe imithombo yamanzi, ibekwe imicengezi imifula emikhulu njenge-iVolga, Ural kanye ob. Ensimini ka Bashkortostan kuthatha emifuleni ayizinkulungwane 12 usayizi ezahlukene, iyisonto 2700 amachibi, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo imvelaphi. Kukhona futhi wadala 440 amadamu ezenziwe umuntu.

Isifunda inothile amaminerali. Ngakho, lapha butholakala ezifakwa lamafutha, igolide, itshe-nsimbi, ithusi, igesi yemvelo, i-zinc. Bashkortostan Itholakala zone athokomele, insimu yayo eziningi ihlathi okuxubile, asemaqeleni kanye asemaqeleni. Ubalula ezintathu reserve and imvelo eziningana inothile. Bashkortostan ezicishe zibe izikhonzi Federation njengoba Sverdlovsk, eChelyabinsk Orenburg izifunda, kanye Udmurtia futhi Tatarstan.

Umlando Bashkir abantu

Abantu bokuqala ensimini ka Bashkortostan yesimanje asaphila eminyakeni million 50-40 edlule. Abavubukuli baye bathola iminonjana emanxiweni asendulo emhumeni Iman. Esikhathini Paleolithic, Mesolithic nezizwana Neolithic yabazingeli futhi ababutha wahlala lapha, balufunda endaweni wendawo, izilwane ezifuywayo, imidwebo kwesokunxele ezindongeni emhumeni. Zofuzo yalezi lokuqala izifiki steel base ukwakha Bashkir ubuzwe.

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala lo Bashkirs angafunda imibhalo lezazi zokuma kwendawo Arab. Bathi ukuthi wayephila ngegama "Bashkort" abantu emakhulwini eminyaka 9-11 th nhlangothi zombili yezintaba zase-Ural. Emakhulwini eminyaka th 10-12, le Bashkirs beniyingxenye isimo ka iVolga Bulgaria. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13 bona lalwa ne amaMongol, owayefuna ukuba ziyombamba ezweni labo. Umphumela waba wenza isivumelwano sokuba nguzakwethu, futhi abaneminyaka engu-13-14 abantu Bashkir kuyingxenye Golden zidlamlilo e izimo ezikhethekile. Bashkirs naningesiso isizwe, sizungezwe inkokhiso. Baqhubeka uhlelo zabo zenhlalo futhi babeyibo Kagan yezempi. Ngemva kokuwa Golden zidlamlilo, le Bashkirs babe ingxenye Kazan bese laseSiberia zidlamlilo.

Ekhulwini le-16 aqala umkhankaso nengcindezi enamandla ku ngokuzijamela Bashkirs koMbuso Russian. Esikhathini 1550s Ivan Grozny wasebiza abantu ngokuzithandela ujoyine uhulumeni wakhe. zingxoxo yayiqhutshelwa, futhi 1556 yasayina isivumelwano ku kokujoyina Bashkirs embusweni Russian ku izimo ezikhethekile. Abantu ukugcina amalungelo abo inkolo, ekuphathweni, nebutho lezempi, kodwa ikhokhelwe intela kuya Russian Tsar, ukuze bathole usizo dudula ubudlova angaphandle.

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-17 nemibandela yesivumelwano ziyahlonishwa, kodwa eza emandleni Romanovs waqala nokungena amalungelo inkosi Bashkirs. Lokhu kwamvulela ithuba lokunikeza uchungechunge olwathatha 17-18 eminyaka th. Abantu balahlekelwa omkhulu umzabalazo wamalungelo yabo nokuzibusa, kodwa wakwazi ukuvikela ukuzimela yayo ngaphakathi Empire isiRashiya, nakuba namanje nenye ezingenamafutha kwadingeka ukuthi ahambe.

Emakhulwini eminyaka th 18-19 Bashkiria ngokuphindiwe sezithotshiselwe phansi kabusha zokuphatha, kodwa ngokuvamile azigcina ilungelo enihlala imingcele zomlando. Bashkiria labantu kuwo wonke umlando kuye kwaba amaqhawe kakhulu. Bashkirs wathatha ingxenye esebenzayo kuzo zonke izimpi ezilwiwa Russia: empini 1812, i-wokuQala nowesiBili Umhlaba Izimpi. ukulahlekelwa abantu yayinengi, kodwa nokunqoba okukhazimulayo. Phakathi Bashkirs abaningi real namaqhawe-amaqhawe.

Esikhathini nesikhathi lokuketula uhulumeni 1917 Bashkiria waba ngowokuqala ohlangothini Red Army ukumelana sidalwe Bashkir zempi bavikela umqondo ukuzimela khona kwalesi sizwe. Nokho, i-ngenxa yezizathu eziningana ngo-1919, uhulumeni Bashkir aba ngaphansi kokulawula of uhulumeni wamaSoviet. Njengengxenye eSoviet Union Bashkiria Ayefuna ukubutha republic sobunye. Kodwa Stalin wathi Tatarstan futhi Bashkortostan ayikwazi republic aseSoviet, njengoba umphakathi wakule ndawo wawuhlukaniswe isiRashiya, Bashkir ngakho republic ezizimele yadalwa.

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, esifundeni kwadingeka akhuthazelele ubunzima izinqubo ejwayelekile lonke elase-USSR. Sekube collectivization nekwakhiwa kwetimboni. Phakathi nempi e Bashkiria ke waxoshelwa amabhizinisi amaningi ezimbonini kanye nezinye, okuyinto kwakheka isisekelo post-yimpi kwezimboni nokulungiswa kwesimo esidalekile. Eminyakeni yokwakha kabusha, ngo-1992, kube ezamenyezelwa Republic of Bashkortostan ne uMthetho-sisekelo wayo. Namuhla, Bashkortostan imatasa ukuvuselelwa ubuzwe kanye namasiko yokhokho.

Inani labantu Bashkiria. Dynamics izinkomba

Ukubalwa kwabantu kuka lokuqala Bashkortostan owawuse ngo-1926, ngenkathi endaweni ye-republic wahlala abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2,665. Kamuva izilinganiso inani nabakhileyo esifundeni Kwakuseshwa njalo ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene, futhi kuphela kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 waqala ukuba kuqoqwe ngonyaka idatha efana.

Ngaphambi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, inani labantu Dynamics wawumuhle. Ukwanda elikhulu kunawo wonke izakhamuzi eziningi wangena 50s ekuseni. Ngamanye nezikhathi esifundeni kancane kancane anda ngokwesilinganiso abantu abayizinkulungwane 100. Iya kancane Ukwehla ekukhuleni lwalotshwa 90 zokuqala.

Kwakungenxa nje ngo-2001 lwembula Dynamics engakhi labantu. Minyaka yonke, izakhamuzi eziningi kwehle ngo abantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Ekupheleni kuka-kowezi-2000, isimo kancane ukulungiswa, kodwa ngo-2010 inani izakhamuzi ezintsha kwaqala ukuncipha.

Namuhla labantu Bashkiria (2016) ukuthi walulama, inombolo abantu 441 000. Nakuba izinkomba lokubala ubuningi babantu kanye nezomnotho ungalindeli ngcono isimo. Kodwa ubuholi Bashkortostan ibeka igunya ukuze kuncishiswe ukufa kwabantu futhi ukwandisa izinga lokuzalwa esifundeni, okumele nakanjani kuthinte inombolo izakhamuzi zakhona.

division nezokuphatha Bashkortostan

Kusukela maphakathi nawo wangekhulu le-16 njengengxenye Bashkortostan umbuso ngezikhali Russian united emhlabeni Ufa. Okokuqala kwaba le Ufa wesifunda ke esifundazweni Ufa Isifundazwe Ufa. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet esifundeni esiye sabhekana kwekuhlela kabusha eziningana indawo-zokuphatha ezihlobene ne kweNdikimba, wabe esehlukanisa ngeenyingi. Ngo-2009 kwanqunywa namuhla Bashkortostan division zibe amayunithi indawo. Ngokusho umthetho republic esifundeni imakwe 54 wesifunda, 21 edolobheni, 8 wabo - kwakuwukuthi republic 4532 emizaneni. Namuhla Bashkortostan kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni is kancane kancane ikakhulukazi ngenxa kufuduka yangaphakathi.

ukusatshalaliswa labantu

Russia - ezweni ikakhulukazi kwezolimo, mayelana 51% abantu baseRussia bahlala emaphandleni. Uma sicabangela izicelo kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni of Bashkiria (2016), singabona ukuthi cishe 48% sabantu ukubo, okungukuthi. E. abayizigidi ezingu 1.9 aphume ingqikithi 4 million. Okungukuthi, esifundeni ibekwe kuthrendi lonke. Uhlu emadolobheni Bashkiria ngokuya labantu simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: komnikazi ngobukhulu - is Ufa (isigidi sabantu 1.112), lonke nemizana lincane ngobukhulu kakhulu, la malungu amahlanu phezulu sihlanganisa Sterlitamak (abantu 279,000), Salavat (154 000) Neftekamsk (137,000) no-Okthoba (114 ayizinkulungwane). Okunye madolobha phakathi amancane, inombolo yabo ingeqi ayizinkulungwane 70.

Ubudala-ubulili yokwakheka labantu Bashkiria

Inkomba lonke female ukuba isilinganiso besilisa imayelana 1.1. Futhi zisencane inani abafana okusetshenziswe amantombazane, kodwa ngeminyaka, isithombe emuva. Uma ucabangela labantu Bashkiria, ungabona ukuthi lokhu kuqhubeka lapha. Ngokwesilinganiso, ngoba zonke amadoda ayizinkulungwane kukhona abesifazane 1139.

Distribution sabantu ngobudala e-Republic of Bashkortostan simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: gokweminyaka ukusebenza - ayizinkulungwane 750 abantu, phezu kuyasebenza - izinkulungwane zabantu 830 abaseminyakeni yokusebenza - abantu abangu-2.4 million. Ngakho, ngo-1000 i-akhawunti ukusebenza yobudala abantu abangaba ngu-600 abasha nabadala. Ngokwesilinganiso, lokhu kulingana Amathrendi kazwelonke. imodeli ubudala ubulili Bashkiria esifundeni akunakubangelwa ukuguga uhlobo uthi ngekusasa izinkinga zokwenza isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu kanye ezomnotho kulesi sifundazwe.

Ukwakheka National sabantu

Kusukela ngo-1926, wayeqhuba Ukugada ukwakheka kazwelonke ka abakhileyo Bashkir Republic. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi yembula Amathrendi ezilandelayo: inani labantu Russian is kancane kancane kuyancipha, nge 39,95% kuya 35,1%. A Bashkirs inombolo senyukile kusuka 23,48% kuya 29%. Futhi Bashkirs ngokobuhlanga Bashkortostan for 2016 kuyinto 1.2 million. Amanye amaqembu kazwelonke amelwa zesi: Tatar - 24%, Chuvashes - 2.6%, iMari - 2.5%. Okunye kwamaqembu ezinhlanga emelelwa ngaphansi kuka-1% abantu sebebonke.

Ngo esifundeni kunenkinga enkulu ukongiwa wezizwe encane. Ngakho, Kryashens labantu past 100 eminyakeni ukhulile, Mishari sekungaphezu lokuqothulwa, futhi teptyari wanyamalala ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ubuholi zesifunda uzama ukudala izimo ezikhethekile ukuze kulondolozwe asele subethnoses encane.

Ulimi kanye inkolo

Ezindaweni kazwelonke njalo inkinga kulondolozwe inkolo kanye nolimi, iyathinteka futhi Bashkiria. labantu Caucasian - kuyingxenye ebalulekile njengezwe. Ukuze Bashkirs ukholo yokhokho iyona US Islam. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, inkolo yayingabalulekile i ban olungekho emthethweni, nakuba naphakathi-mode ngokuvamile kusakhiwa, ngokwesiko Muslim. Kulezi zikhathi post-yokwakha kabusha e Bashkiria iqala ukuvuselelwa imikhuba yenkolo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 kule ndawo wavulwa amathempeli ezingaphezu kuka-1000 (e kwamaSoviet kwakukhona 15 kuphela), mayelana 200 Orthodox kantsi netikhungo tetenkholo eziningana bezinye izinkolo. Nokho benkolo ephezulu esifundeni Islam, inkolo ungumnikazi-70% namabandla onke ezweni.

Ulimi - kuyingxenye ebalulekile njengezwe. Ekhatsi Bashkortostan ezikhathini Soviet kwakukhona ekhethekile nqubomgomo yokusetshenziswa kwezilimi. Ngakho-ke, inani labantu aqala ukuphelelwa ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko. Kusukela ngo-1989, izwe olwenziwa emsebenzini okhethekile wekuvuselela we zolimi zikazwelonke. Imvume Isikole ngolimi lwabo (Bashkir, isiTatar). Namuhla, 95% abantu akhuluma isiRashiya, 27% eyayithengwe Bashkir, 35% - Tatar.

Umnotho isifunda

Bashkortostan - enye yezindawo esitebeleni kunazo ngokuya nezifunda zezomnotho Russia. Nedra Bashkortostan amumethe namaminerali, ngakho-republic osesikhundleni 9th emafutheni wezwe 1st - on processing yayo. umnotho zakule ndawo kahle okuhlukahlukene, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kuhle kuyalinqoba yinkimbinkimbi izikhathi crisis. Bambalwa izimboni ahlinzeke ukuthuthukiswa esitebeleni yezwe, yilezi:

- Petrochemical umkhakha, emelelwa Mills ezinkulu, "Bashneft", neftehimzavod Sterlitamak, Bashkir Soda Inkampani;

- isiqoqi sama-softwe nelesimbi, kuhlanganise wamabhasi Plant Neftemash, Kumertau yezindiza, nomkhiqizi wonke amasondo izimoto "Vityaz" Neftekamsk imoto;

- amandla umkhakha;

- embonini.

Kumqoka kakhulu emnothweni esifundeni ezolimo, Bashkir abalimi wahlanganyela ngempumelelo e nemfuyo batshale kulinywe.

Lesigodzi athuthukiswe kahle ezohwebo kanye service sphere, okuyinto Uphatha kabi abahola kancane (2016), e Bashkiria, kodwa namanje isimo kuleli zwe ingcono kakhulu ezindaweni ngezimali.

umsebenzi

Ngokuvamile, labantu Bashkiria ungaphakathi izimo ezingcono zomnotho kunabantu bakwamanye izifunda eziningi. Nokho, ngo-2016 lapho sabhalwa ukwanda abangasebenzi, izinyanga eziyisithupha wavuka 11% uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule. Futhi waphawula ukwehla wezohwebo umthengi amasevisi, ukuncishiswa inkokhelo kanye nokungena kwemali ngempela. Konke lokhu kuholela round elandelayo abangasebenzi. Okokuqala ahlaselwa nezifundiswa abasha futhi eneziqu akukho isipiliyoni umsebenzi. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi outflow wobusha iqala futhi abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe ezivela esifundeni.

ingqalasizinda zesifunda

Ngoba noma yisiphi isifunda obalulekile netakhiwo tetenhlalo, okuvumela abahlali ukwaneliseka abahlala endaweni ethile. Inani labantu base-Bashkortostan for 2016 ngempela baziswa izimo zokuphila esifundeni. Ekhatsi Bashkortostan, eziningi imizamo kanye nemali okutshalwa kuwo izimali ukukhanda futhi nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, amabhuloho, izikhungo zezempilo. ekuthuthukiseni izinto zokuhamba kanye nengqalasizinda yezokuvakasha kuleli zwe. Kodwa-ke, kukhona izinkinga, ikakhulukazi nokunikezwa izikhungo sezemfundo nezamasiko. Isifunda has nobunzima cacisa imvelo, ekukhiqizeni ngamanani amancane amabhizinisi amaningi abe nomthelela omubi ubumsulwa amanzi kanye nomoya eduze emadolobheni amakhulu. Nokho, ingqalasizinda yedolobha ngcono kakhulu athuthukile kuka emaphandleni, okuholela outflow ka yasemaphandleni emadolobheni.

Izimfanelo lokubala ubuningi babantu sabantu

izinkomba kwedemografikhi Bashkortostan kahle iyahluka kwenye izifunda eziningi zezwe. Ngakho, izinga lokuzalwa kuleli zwe kancane, kodwa ezikhulayo iminyaka engu-10 (ngaphandle kwaba kuphela ngo-2011, lapho kwakukhona nokwehla 0.3%). Kodwa, ngeshwa, futhi lokufa kwabantu nakho ezikhulayo eminyakeni yamuva, nakuba ngesivinini lesihamba kancane kwesilinganiso lokuzalwa. Ngakho-ke, inani labantu Bashkiria sikhombisa ukwenyuka kancane zemvelo, engesiyo ejwayelekile yezwe lonke.