Amayunithi Vintage: ohlwini. Vintage amayunithi wobude

Ezweni lanamuhla elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe of matemu zisetshenziselwa ukukala ubude, ivolumu, isisindo. Amanani ala lucobo achazwa ngokukhanyayo e amayunithi olufakiwe. Ngaphambi kokufika amazinga ngokomthetho ukucacisa ubukhulu bezinto noma ibanga iyunithi lasendulo yokukala esetshenziswa.

indaba

Abantu e inqubo ukuphila, sezempi yokuhwebelana isikhathi eside kwadingeka ukucacisa nenani kwezimpahla in exchange, ukubala indawo kumedwa ibanga phakathi imizi, sebenzisa Ubukhulu embonini yezokwakha. Ukunemba amagugu etholwe ngosizo izinyathelo lasendulo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke iyunithi amagugu - lawa mazinga subjective, ngokubona umuntu wanamuhla nakanjani engenangqondo ku ubuwula baso.

Ngokwesibonelo, isi-Japanese "ihhashi-izicathulo" - isikhathi lapho ihhashi isigugile utshani Ukhamba; ESiberia "Beech" - lemali lapho Iso lomuntu asisakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi zenkunzi; "Izigaba" ngesiGreki - ibanga ijubane okudliwa esikhathini kusukela ekuqaleni kokusa kuze ukubukeka egcwele ilanga lalingabonakali emkhathizwe; "Farce" Persian - ngezinga elithile obuphelele, okungase igcwaliswe ngo ihora.

Imibhalo yasendulo watshelwa ngalokho yokukala lasendulo lokuphila elalisetshenziswa okhokho bethu. Ukuze ubone ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ukuthi bekulokhu naye, futhi kungenzeka iyunithi ngesilinganiso. Ngenxa izingxenye kudivayisi wokulinganisa esetshenziswa zomzimba womuntu kanye nezici zayo ngokomzimba: isinyathelo, idlanzana, indololwane, span, kungamafathomu, izinyawo, intshi.

Rus lasendulo

Ukuze ERussia yasendulo libhekene izinkulumo elichazayo ibanga ukuzimisela -. "Nokujikijela itshe", "indiza umcibisholo," "usuku uhambo" Lamagugu emiswe zisebenza umthombo ethize, abenza lezi zenzo. Kwakunezinye futhi lwendabuko Russian iyunithi obuphelele lasendulo. Field - ibanga elingamakhilomitha 20, - echazwe Epifanii Hlakaniphile. ehektheleni isigamu - - Ikota isetshenziswa ngaphansi Ivan le Kubi.

Metrology zomlando - isayensi study yokukala tintfo lucobo lasendulo. Uhlelo yokukala iyunithi izinyathelo lasendulo kungukuthi ngempela babebalelwa amagugu ledesimali. Ezinye amagugu ingafaniswa ngokumelene nomunye:

• eziyisikhombisa izinyawo - elilingana 3 ngamamitha of,
• intshi - 4 amayintshi,
• indololwane - 2 intshi,
• egcekeni - 2 indololwane
• verst - 500 amayadi angu.

Ukuze ugweme ukudideka, kwakukhona izinhlu ekhethekile, elinganisa isilinganiso ibhalisiwe. Noma kunjalo, akufanele siluthathe njengoba endabeni ethile ngoba ngisho span ayahluka ngobukhulu. iyunithi Old yokukala tintfo lucobo hlala uhlu kakhulu oluphelele, okunzima ukuyiqonda ndoda wanamuhla. nokubala sidilizwa ngesilinganiso - a imiphongolo kweshumi (amayunithi 12), izikhathi eziyisihlanu Sable amane (izingcezu 200), isisindo (144 kweshumi) - kulezizinsuku kungenziwa amelwe ngendlela evamile uhlelo ledesimali.

Ukudala amazinga nesilinganiso eRussia

amayunithi Old eRussia yasetshenziswa kuyo yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu. Kusukela ngekhulu XVI Russia wazama ukuthola ezivamile amagugu uhlelo. Ekhulwini XVIII ngokuqondene ukuthuthukiswa namanye amazwe kwakudingekile ukulawula ngokunembile izinyathelo. Kwavela ukuthi ukuhlukahluka amayunithi ezikhona wezinyathelo, ukudalwa inqubo namazinga akulula. Ngu 1736 iSigele Ebusayo bamisa ikomiti ye izilinganiso ngaphansi kobuholi Ukubala Golovkin, lapho izinyathelo okuyisibonelo zithathiwe ukuze usethe i-project idesimali isimiso yokukala amagugu.

Ngaleso sikhathi, nemali yasemazweni namatshe ayigugu kuhlaziywe phezu ukungeniswa ku amasiko lapho bengena mints - nenqwaba zonke uthole ezahlukene. imodeli Scale Petersburg Customs, uyiswa iSigele, bebelokhu iphutha zithinta isampula. umugqa uPetru ngayiswa njengesinyathelo eyisibonelo obuphelele. amasiko Chetverik eMoscow ezikhonjwe isenzo esisodwa okuxekethile.

Uhlelo umfaniswano nesilinganiso eYurophu nase Russia

Ngisho ngesikhathi kubusa uPeter Omkhulu Russian ingxenye wathatha IsiZulu ohlelweni imethrikhi. kabusha Metrological kwavunyelwana sokuthuthukiswa yokuhwebelana namanye amazwe lasolwandle, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa izinyawo, amagceke amayintshi yazuza shipbuilding. Ngaphansi Nicholas Ngikhipha isimemezelo kwavunyelwana ngo-Okthoba 1835, sona sasungula amanye uhlelo Russian of izilinganiso. Ekupheleni kuka-May 1875 futhi abameleli Tsarist Russia wavumelana Imitha Convention. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev enikelwe ukunakwa kakhulu umsebenzi ngomthetho ohlelweni imethrikhi, okuyinto kuphela ngo-1917 wayebhekwa njengoba esibophezelayo.

January 1, 1927 ziye indawo eNuremberg silinganiso uhlelo esetshenziswa kunodokotela, ohlelweni imethrikhi.

izinyathelo Lasendulo temdzabu imisebenzi

Enkulumweni ezivamile lamadolobha esimanjemanje indoda Russian amayunithi ubudala, futhi ukukhomba amagama abo ezigcinwe izinkulumo esivela temdzabu temlomo:

• izinhlamvu omkhulu - bhala ezinkulu,
• ubuhlakani - inkomba yokuthi ingqondo,
• Kolomna verst - umuntu omude kakhulu,
• etshekile izinyawo eziyisikhombisa kwamabili ukuphakama emahlombe - indoda eyakhelwe enamandla,
• kusukela imbiza ezimbili amayintshi - ukukhula encane.

Inchazelo lasendulo ngokuvamile itholakala ezincwadini achaza izenzakalo zomlando ezinkondlweni kanye yezinganekwane.

obuphelele

iyunithi oMdala obuphelele esetshenziswa eRussia kusukela kwamukelwa Isinqumo ngo-1835 futhi kuze kube 1917:

• umunwe - mayelana 2 amasentimitha,
• nokot - kancane kuka 1 isentimitha,
• intshi - mayelana 4.5 amasentimitha,
• ikota - 17,8 cm,
• Elbow - ngokusho kombiko ehlukahlukene kusukela ngamasentimitha 38 kuya 47,
• egcekeni - 71,12 amasentimitha,
• ngezinyawo - mayelana 30,5 amasentimitha,
• eziyisikhombisa izinyawo - 2.14 metres (ngokuhlukana senziwa phezu sazhen etshekile -2.5 amamitha kanye ligcina uthi lokuphotha luzungeza - 1,76 amamitha)
• 1 imayela of - 1.07 amakhilomitha.

Ezinye amayunithi izinyathelo yasungulwa labadala ukucacisa ndawo. Lezi lucobo zisetshenziswa ukunquma ubukhulu komhlaba, ukwakhiwa, ukuzijabulisa. Futhi, lezi zibalo ukukhonza njengoba isilinganiso sokubalwa izintela ezweni. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke isenzo ndawo, amagama engatholwa ku efuze lasendulo - kuyinto zamakhilomitha-skwele, igeja, ingxenye yesine, okweshumi.

Emincane kakhulu iyunithi obuphelele lasendulo elisetshenziswa Metrology umugqa yesimanje. Ngesisekelo amagugu kuthathwe kakolweni okusanhlamvu. Lesi sibalo imayelana 2.5 mm.

ivolumu

iyunithi Vintage for luyimbudumbudu ne liquid emizimbeni ngokuthi isinkwa newayini izinyathelo. Emuva ekhulwini xv, wasebenzisa golvazhnya emangalisayo (usawoti esitsheni), Lucknow futhi cleanings (okusanhlamvu). Kuye indawo Vyatskaya ezihlukahlukene isinkwa marten, Smolensk emgqonyeni saptsa Perm, ubudala Bast Russian futhi Poshev.

Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke futhi commerce ukukala idliwe yaseNdlunkulu Ware: boilers, ladles, izimbiza, amabhodwe, thini, Bratina, Konovko. Likhono zimiso nhlobonhlobo kwibanga eside: kubhayela kungaba kusuka 20 kuya poluvedra amabhakede.

isisindo

Rus sidilizwa kubalwa simiso esidala amayunithi mass, ngaphandle okuyinto kwakungenakwenzeka ukulondoloza ubuhlobo ukuhweba. Phakathi kwabo:

1. Grand - 0.062 amagremu, usokhemisi mass iyunithi.
2. Spool - 4.266 amagremu, njengoba iyunithi isisindo kwaqhubeka kukhona kwaze kwaba ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, zazilingana uhlamvu lwemali eponymous.
3. Kuvele lwesishiyagalombili - 50 amagremu, igama layo, lokhu ngezinga elithile isisindo wathatha 1/8 ukubaluleka 'Mnumzane.
4. ULoti - 12,797 amagremu, zazilingana ezintathu we spool.
5. Pound - 410 amagremu, ekuqaleni ngokuthi yendawo. Lona lisisakhiwo mass okudayisa kanye izikebhe izimo zaba 96 spool, yasetshenziswa ukuze uthole isisindo ensimbini eyigugu.
6. Pud - 40 lbs, 16,38 kg. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwale elithile isisindo zifuniwe kusukela ngekhulu le-12. It waqedwa kuphela ngo-1924
7. Batman - 4.1 kg.
8. Berkovets - 163,8 kg, okukhulu ngesisindo uhwebo lwezitolo. Bjork livela igama lalesi siqhingi. Kwaba okulingana 10 pudam. It is izinkomba ezaziwayo kuleli ngesilinganiso etayiteleni sisekelo ngekhulu XII.

nesilinganiso izinyathelo olunye ulimi

Empilweni yesimanje, ngesisekelo uhlelo nesilinganiso kukhona kilogram, imitha kanye kwesibili. Lezi zinqubo ajwayelekile futhi eqotho. Nokho, iyunithi lasendulo yokukala physics isicelo amanye amazwe kuze kube manje.

Uhlelo British:

1. pint British - mayelana 0,57 amalitha.
2. Fl oz - 30 ml.
3. Wemigqomo - izinto ezahlukene kuyahluka insignificantly ivolumu imayelana 159 amalitha. Ungaba njengekhampasi elithile lamafutha futhi waziwa ngokuba ubhiya, "French", "English" umgqomo.
4. Carat - 0.2 amagremu. Isetshenziselwa ukunquma nenqwaba ayigugu.
5. Ngesilinganisocos - 28,35 amagremu. Asetshenziswa ukukala isisindo of amatshe ayigugu.
6. iphawundi British - 0,45 kg.

izinyathelo Chinese:

1. 1 Ingabe - 576 metres.
2. 1 Liang - 37,3 amagremu.
3. 1 fen - engu-0.32 cm.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, isintu sidinga uhlelo yokukala ngobuningi ehlukahlukene ngokomzimba. Kwakudingekile ukukala isisindo kanye ivolumu, ukunquma ibanga, ukwazi isikhathi. Ukubaluleka izilinganiso olunembile kunyuke ne ekukhuleni komphakathi. imigomo emisha ye nesilinganiso amagugu, kodwa ngokuvamile izincwadi noma enkulumweni yansuku zonke kubaneka izinyathelo lasendulo asetshenziswa empilweni yesimanje. Ulwazi amagugu asendulo akhohlwe ukuthi ukhombise idatha imethrikhi, okuvumela ukuba alondoloze umlando.