Incwadi "Kungani amanye amazwe acebile nabanye abampofu. Umsuka amandla, ukuchuma nobumpofu ", Daron Acemoglu futhi Dzheyms Robinson. Izincwadi ku ezomnotho

Incwadi "Kungani amanye amazwe acebile nabanye abampofu" saziwa njengophawu kakhulu umthengisi. It is funda emhlabeni wonke, othisha imazisa kubafundi bakhe. Yini incwadi ekutshela umbhali, futhi kungani lolu lwazi ukusabela ngale ndlela? Konke lokhu, ukufunda lesi sihloko ngezansi.

A isingeniso emfushane

Incwadi "Kungani amanye amazwe acebile nabanye abampofu. Umsuka amandla, ukuchuma nobumpofu "kwalotshwa emuva ngo-2012. Abalobi babengamakhulu amabili neoinstitutsionalista of America - D. Acemoglu noJ Robinson .. Umsebenzi analysis and okuyinkimbinkimbi kwazo zonke izinto izifundo odlule. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo sencwadi kuwumbono tikhungo letinsha, ngesisekelo okuyinto, abalobi ukunikela umfundi inguqulo entsha isimo ngokuya umnotfo kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo. Umniningwane encwadini uhlola ezinquma ukuthi ukukhula komnotho, kungenzeka ukonga imali. Futhi, isayithi sidaliwe okuyinto wembula incazelo yencwadi imininingwane. Wayengumuntu ngokuphelele abakhuluma isiNgisi, ke waqhubeka kwaze 2014.

Ngemcondvo losemcoka

Acemoglu futhi Robinson, encwadini yakhe ethi abonisa ukuthi abacwaningi abaningi banephutha. Basikisela ukuba umnotho wezwe incike indawo, isimo sezulu, ingxenye yobuhlanga, yezinto zayo zemvelo ngisho inkolo namasiko. Kumelwe sivume ukuthi zonke lezi zici nokuphatha. Nokho, abalobi "Kungani amanye amazwe acebile nabanye abampofu" ukuphika ngokuphelele nezinsolo ezinjalo. imicabango yabo isekelwa ngeminikelo izibonelo zangempela. Isibonelo pair of imiphakathi ukuthi kukhona izindlela ezahlukene impela kokukhula kwayo, kulesi simo cishe izici ezifanayo yendawo kazwelonke.

Kulokho-ke, ngokuvumelana abalobi, kuncike ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho isimo? Daron Acemoglu uveza ukuthi kusekelwe uhlobo izinhlangano zezombusazwe nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Encwadini, ukuhlaziya ngokujulile ukuthuthukiswa umnotho yamazwe ahlukene. Uhlola bese iqhathanisa izikhungo ezahlukene zezombusazwe ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Ngu nokuhlaziya ngokucophelela ochwepheshe kwakungamadodana emazweni alandelayo: Australia, Botswana, France, Mexico, eU.SA, Colombia, eNingizimu Korea, China, iSoviet Union, Uzbekistan, Russian Empire, Turkey, uMbuso WaseBrithani, impucuko Mayan, wonke uMbuso WaseRoma.

Amabili amamodeli we izikhungo zezomnotho

Incwadi "Kungani amanye amazwe acebile nabanye abampofu" inikeza abafundi onobuhle ababili eziyisisekelo izikhungo zezomnotho: i extractive futhi kukonke.

Imodeli extractive isikisela ukuthi inamba encane yabantu uthola zonke izinzuzo ezivela ezweni. Leli qembu akhethiwe lehlukanisa lonke izakhamuzi amathuba amaningi okwenza imali ebuhlotsheni kwezomnotho. Ngenxa yalesi imodeli libhekene kuhlukaniswa kwempahla noma ukuqhutshwa ukuze kuzuze iqembu ewumngcingo zabantu. Ukwakha imodeli okunjalo kungaba kuphela izikhungo extractive zezombusazwe ukuthi uyobavikela futhi uqaphe eqenjini elibusisekile.

imodeli womanyano kusivumela iqhaza ubudlelwane kwezomnotho of iningi labantu. Kuleso simo, bangasephula yangasese kuqinisekisiwe ezingeni zomthetho. Yiqiniso, isibonelo esinjalo lingakhiwa kuphela ngesisekelo izinhlangano zezombusazwe kukonke.

Eyayiphi imodeli oholela kangcono?

Dzheyms Robinson uzakwabo baphetha ngokuthi yomibili amamodeli we ngempumelelo, kodwa ngamunye wabo Tempo ezahlukene kanye Dynamics ukuthuthukiswa. nokukhula komnotho ngempela zingenzeka imodeli extractive, kodwa kuyoba isikhathi esifushane, futhi ngenxa inhlalakahle ngeke bafinyelele ubunye. onobuhle womanyano ukuthuthukisa more masinya. Lokhu kungokwemvelo, ngoba isimo lapho cishe wonke amalungu ukwenza ngaphandle yokutakula lesisemtsetfweni izinzuzo, ephumelelisa ukuchuma kwezomnotho ngokushesha. Ezweni ezinjalo ngeke ibe yindawo ubumpofu. Kukholakala ukuthi onobuhle okufakayo uvumele States lula ukububekezelela zinhlekelele zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, ngenkathi imodeli extractive ungakwazi kuphela babhebhethekisa lesi simo.

Libuye ngempela okunengqondo, ngoba izakhamuzi abanokuhlangenwe ejwayelekile ehloniphekile nokuphakama kwezindleko zokuphila, abaqotho ngaphezulu kuhulumeni asethwe. Bazimisele futhi bakwazi sedlule obumbi, ngokwazi ukuthi konke evamile esikhathini esizayo. I extractive imodeli izakhamuzi bayocabanga ukuthi konke Ubangwa, futhi ayikho indlela yokubalekela ubumpofu. Kungaba avuse imiboniso nokunganeliseki.

ukuba nombono ongafani ngeke eside

Dzheyms Robinson ukholelwa ukuthi, yize ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho imodeli extractive, esikhathini eside kuba kahle ngenxa izici eziningana. Lapho abantu abakwazi ukuthola inzuzo izifundo zabo noma babe ukunikeza kakhulu isimo, ufune umsebenzi kulahleka. Kunalokho elakhiwe azitholele imali ngendlela engafanele ukuthi ukhuthaze amacala athile. I extractive imodeli iqembu ewumngcingo zabantu zivimbela ukukhula ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe obusha angase buthaka amandla abo futhi isandla izintambo ezandleni zamanye amaqembu. Yesimanje, okuyinto eyenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo imodeli extractive ayizwakali ngokuphelele, njengoba is ekubambeni uhlamvu. Isibonelo salokhu ukumelana kwezezimboni umhlaba izikhulu phambili. Imodeli okufakayo lawela Izicukuthwane kungenzeka bazame ukuvimba inqubo kwezimboni, kodwa ukuthi ngabe kuhlulekile ngenxa ukungakwazi ukuba akwazi ukunqoba izingqinamba izinhlaka zikahulumeni eziqinile zezombusazwe.

Isibonelo-USSR

On isibonelo ekukhuleni komnotho wezwe bubonakala imodeli extractive. umkhakha Heavy athuthukiswe kuphela ngokusebenzisa imithombo emzaneni. Uma lokhu ipulazi kwaba angahlelekile kakhulu hhayi kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye yaba ephansi kakhulu kunalokho kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Kakade ngawo-1970 izinsiza ngomzana ziye kabusha umkhakha. Nokho, lokhu kwenza ukuba isimiso samaSoviet kumile: uhlelo ophoqelelwe ayisekho wasebenza, elite ukuba simelane ushintsho, Izibonelelo kwezomnotho entula ngokuphelele. Ukuze uphume kulo mbuthano, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange kwadingeka bayeke imodeli extractive zokubusa, kodwa Kwakuyohlanganisani ukuwa kwamandla. Ngenxa yakho konke lokhu-ke kuye kwaholela nokwahlukana USSR.

ukuthi inguquko kungenzeka?

Izincwadi ku ezomnotho baphikisa ngokuthi ushintsho extractive ukuze okufakayo ukuphathwa imodeli kungenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwathi izikhathi eziningi emlandweni. Faka kusigaba ezweni ngokuqinile imodeli elilodwa noma kwenye kunzima. Amazwe amaningi Uyi imodeli okuxubile. Ezweni lanamuhla ligcwele lamazwe ukuthi sekuseduze ukuba omunye onobuhle ezichazwe ngenhla, kodwa akudingeki izici zayo 'okuhlanzekile'. Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela extractive futhi esibandakanya alinqunywa kusengaphambili izinto zomlando.

Abalobi yencwadi "Kungani amanye amazwe acebile nabanye abampofu" ibalula njengesibonelo i- "revolution ekhazimulayo." Yaba incwadi iphuzu ukuqala ngoba kwathatha UK imodeli ukuthuthukiswa kukonke.

Nokho, umlando ukuhwebelana aziwayo futhi reverse. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Republic of Venice. Uhulumeni bagxila wonke amandla ezandleni zakhe, ivaliwe kwezinye izakhamuzi ukufinyelela izinsiza nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Lokhu kwabangela eziningi nemiphumela okwagcina kwaholela ukuqothulwa kwezindlovu zwe.

inguqulelo endleleni

izinhlangano zezombusazwe kwezomnotho kungenziwa siguqulwe. Kodwa le nqubo kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa yi-degree of extractable. Iqembu ezincane eziningi zabantu, amandla kanye nematfuba tibheke ezandleni zayo, cishe esingaphansi ukuthuthela imodeli kukonke. Ayikho ngaphansi okubalulekile ukuba khona amaqembu abantu athize (mhlawumbe emthethweni), okungase okungenani ngegama ukuba simelane elite. Imiphumela Olungokoqobo lifinyelelwe akavumanga ngokushesha, kodwa labantu wazizwa ukuthi simelane kungenzeka futhi kudingekile. Uma kuvulwe kungenzeka kushintsha, futhi abantu babengabhekisanga kuhlulekile ukuyisebenzisa. Esesithathu okuyiyona ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni iqembu elikhulu, izwi elazwakala alibazuzisanga, izithakazelo ezivamile - umfelandawonye ukuthi lungamelela ezihlukahlukene tinhlaka temphakatsi.

Funda incwadi emnothweni, kungaqondakala ukuthi ngisho noma imizamo enjalo eyenziwayo ukushintsha uhlelo bese bona ngokuvamile iholela umphumela ofanayo. Iqembu, okuyinto elwa elite ngalesosikhathi it phathelana okufanayo. Lena ukuthambekela kunalokho ngeshwa, okuyinto namanje yenzeka eziningi uthi.

Le ncwadi iphetha yokuthi ababhali beveza awabo izibikezelo ukuthuthukiswa ngesisekelo amamodeli ezihlongozwayo. Ngokusho kwabo, kusho ukuthi ungenalo isimiso sezombangazwe esitebeleni (Haiti, Afghanistan), ngeke bakwazi ukufeza ukuthuthukiswa komnotho okukhulu. Amazwe ukuthi bakwazile sifinyelele ukuzimela ezithile ngokuya zezombusazwe, ongacela ubuthakathaka futhi engazinzile nokuthuthukiswa komnotho (Tanzania, Ethiopia, Burundi).

Izibuyekezo

Abagxeki baye baveza isimo sengqondo esihle incwadi. ukuhlaziywa ukujula kwaqokonyiswa, ukunciphisa ingxabano nezibonelo ezithile. Izibuyekezo engemihle zisekelwe eqinisweni ukuthi izici yendawo yobuhlanga kunikezwa ukunaka kakhulu. Kwathiwa kuqashelwe ukuthi abalobi neze wathinta ezicini ezinomthelela ekuthuthukisweni zithi ezinjalo izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe njengoba iBhange Lomhlaba noma IMF.