KumiswaAmakolishi namanyuvesi

Indlela yokukala ngokuhambisana GOST

) представляют собой комплекс правил и операций, реализация которых обеспечивает получение показателей с известной погрешностью. Ukumeda Izindlela (izindlela zokulinganisa) kukhona isethi imithetho kanye nokusebenza, ukugcwaliseka enikeza ukusebenza iphutha ezaziwayo. Ngaphansi kwemibandela inombolo uMthetho Federal 102, nesilinganiso kumele kwenziwe nge-izindlela eqinisekisiwe ngendlela ebekiwe.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza ezinomthelela iphutha

Ukusuka akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimweni izici metrological yokulinganisa izindlela. Lokunye lokubaluleke ngalokulinganako amaphutha opharetha, ukwehluleka okukhethiwe kanye nokulungisa amasampula, izimo izilinganiso zenziwa ngaphansi kwazo, nezinye izinto. (МВИ) создаются применительно к конкретным условиям с использованием конкретных средств. Ngakho, le nqubo nesilinganiso (MVI) zidalwe izimo ezithile besebenzisa izindlela eziqondile.

Lokhu Nokho, la mazwi akusho ukuthi izindlela zabo kufanele zenzelwe laboratory ngamunye. Nokho, uma isetshenziswa uhlobo laboratory wokulinganisa amathuluzi kuqondaniswe MVI eqinisekisiwe, ukuthonya izinto ziya kwibanga elinqunyiwe, opharetha ufake ziqu, nemingcele ngokomzimba imvelo uzobe kulinganiswa nge iphutha ezaziwayo.

K kufanele labizwa ngokuthi ukuthonya zici:

  • futhi ambient umswakama lokushisa medium lapho nesilinganiso senziwa;
  • imvamisa futhi ugesi voltage;
  • kazibuthe;
  • vibration nokunye.

GOST GSI

, согласно госстандарту, включают в себя следующие разделы и структурные элементы: inqubo Ukumeda, ngokuvumelana State Standard kuhlanganisa izigaba ezilandelayo kanye timphawu tesakhiwo:

  1. Igama.
  2. Ububanzi.
  3. izinkomba normative.
  4. Imigomo nezincazelo.
  5. Izifinyezo kanye nezimpawu.
  6. Izimfuneko izici amaphutha noma ngeziphambeko sathathwa.
  7. izindlela Ukumeda nemibandela.
  8. nezidingo zokuphepha, izinyathelo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ziqu of opharetha.
  9. Amalungiselelo izilinganiso.
  10. Buciko izilinganiso.
  11. Ukucubungula imiphumela.
  12. isilawuli Ukunemba.
  13. Isicelo.

emizimbeni ogunyaziwe

создаются и аттестуются в порядке, установленном Росстандартом. Ngokuhambisana inqubo GOST nesilinganiso zidalwe futhi eqinisekisiwe ukuze esungulwe Rosstandart. MVI iyenziwa:

  • SSMC (main metrological yesayensi isikhungo);
  • Iziphathimandla indawo GMR (State inkonzo metrological);
  • nezinye izinhlangano kanye egunyaziwe futhi obani unelungelo ukufeza isitifiketi.

Ihlola amasu asetshenziswa ngaphandle kwenkululeko isimo kokuqondisa metrological, inkampani uhlelekile futhi kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho zokuhlola ezasungulwa kubo.

Ukudala MVI

осуществляется в соответствии с исходными параметрами и включает в себя: inqubo Development nesilinganiso kwenziwe ngokuhambisana imingcele kokuqala futhi kuhlanganisa:

  1. Kukhethwa indlela, indlela yokulinganisa, izinto elisizayo, ukulandelana kwemisebenzi, algorithm ukubala isamba.
  2. . Ukudala idokhumenti iphrojekthi indlela yokukala.
  3. isitifiketi Metrological.

Isibalo izimangalo kokuqala zihlanganisa:

  1. . Injongo amasu nesilinganiso.
  2. Iphutha amazinga.
  3. izimo nesilinganiso.
  4. Izimfanelo into kulinganiswa.

Ukuqokwa kufanele licaciswe:

  1. Igama (igama uma kufaneleka itshalwa) variable kanye izici zayo.
  2. Imikhawulo kwenkululeko MVI obulungu, izici kanye nezinhlobo zosizo nokunye.

Iphutha kuyinsakavukela kumele kuchazwe ngendlela imingcele ebalulwe kumithethonkombiso, ebhekisela zokulawula isenzo lobuchwepheshe lapho zinikwa kona (uma ikhona).

izimo Ukulinganisa asethwe etinhlotjeni letehlukene izinkomba ezinomthelela eziguquguqukayo (izici): kagesi, mechanical, zezulu nokunye.

izici Into esibekiwe nokukhawulela amagugu nemingcele kabani ngeziphambeko kuzihlaka okuzisholo kuthinta iphutha.

осуществляется в соответствии с действующими нормативно-техническими документами. Ukukhethwa izindlela futhi indlela yokulinganisa inqubo ukulinganiswa Kwenziwa ngokuhambisana imibhalo zokulawula kanye technical osebenzayo. Uma kungekho mazisi inkomba kuyakuyiswa esekelwe ekubalweni izici ngephutha, noma imiphumela izifundo zokuhlola kubo.

ngezigaba

разделяются на группы в соответствии с приемами получения результатов: Eliqinisekisiwe inqubo ukulinganiswa abahlukene ngemacembu ngokuhambisana nezindlela imiphumela:

  • izindlela okuqondile. Lapho ukusetshenziselwa ukuthola value target kusekelwe idatha zokuhlola.
  • izindlela engaqondile. Kulokhu, ukubaluleka kokugcina kunqunywa esekelwe izilinganiso ngqo lokwehlukile kokuba kwencika ezithile ku into kulinganiswa. Lezi izindlela ezisetshenziswa e engekho kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa izindlela oqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubala kwabantu umzimba okuqinile ngesisekelo imiphumela nesilinganiso umthamo yayo futhi mass.

разделяют на: Ngokusho izimo lapho izilinganiso zenziwa, indlela nesilinganiso uhlukaniswe:

  1. Imininingwane. Zisekelwe budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye inzwa into kudivayisi wokulinganisa. Isibonelo elula azimisele lokushisa lomzimba usebenzisa thermometer.
  2. Imininingwane yokuxhumana. Lezi zindlela zisekelwe, ngokulandelana, ku ukungabi khona ukuxhumana phakathi into bese inzwa isici idivayisi wokulinganisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubala ibanga usebenzisa radar, esithandweni blast - ukuzimisela pyrometer lokushisa nokunye.

Kuye indlela Ngokuqhathanisa ipharamitha ukuba ngomucu SI iyunithi isehlane:

  1. indlela eqondile. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukubaluleka kunqunywa kudivayisi inkomba. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube voltmeter, ammeter, izinga lokushisa, kanjalonjalo. Isilinganiso ibonisa ukuthi nesilinganiso iyunithi, enqubeni akusho iqhaza. Le nkinga e SI (uhlelo lokulinganisa) wenza esikalini.
  2. Indlela yokuqhathanisa. Kulokhu, ukubaluleka kulinganiswa uqhathaniswa Inkomba okuyinto ivezwa ngesilinganiso. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abaningi esele isigwedlo kunqunywa ngokulingene izinsimbi.

Izinhlobo izindlela ukuqhathanisa

Phakathi izindlela eziyinhloko:

  1. Zero indlela. Lapho uyisebenzisa, umphumela nomphumela lamanani zedivayisi ukuqhathanisa kulethwa 0. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla wokuzivikela ukumelana kagesi kwaleli bhuloho kunqunywa equilibration yayo ngokuphelele.
  2. Kwaziqondanela nje ukuba indlela. Lapho usebenzisa i-umehluko lapho kuphakama phakathi emihle futhi reproducible izinyathelo ukusebenza kulinganiswa at nje kwaqondana amamaki on esikalini (isib vernier calipers futhi) noma amasignali gqwa.
  3. esikhundleni indlela. Kusekelwe ukuqhathanisa isilinganiso. Umngcele we-kulinganiswa Limiselelwe ubuningi ezaziwayo. Wayedlala ngesilinganiso. Imibandela agcinwayo zinjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, sisindvo Kwenziwa yanjalo ezihambayo uquqaba futhi izinsimbi pan ngayinye.

Ukuhlaziya emfantwini: inqubo nesilinganiso (IPA F 14.1: 2: 4.135-98)

Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo MM ukuhlonza izakhi okuqukethwe e amabanga ezithile ikhambi isampula ngaphandle diluting.

: IPA F 14.1: 2: 4.135-98 amasethi inqubo ukulinganiswa mass lokuhlala:

  • silicon;
  • barium yombala;
  • aluminium;
  • beryllium;
  • boron;
  • thallium;
  • sodium;
  • arsenic ne nezinye izakhi.

Uma kudingekile, unganquma kanjani ukuthi okuqukethwe oxides izakhi ezahlukene amasampula amanzi angcolile, amanzi ahlanzekile, amanzi emvelo ngokuthulisa ukubala.

веществ основывается на определении интенсивности излучения атомов и ионов соответствующего элемента, возбужденных в аргоновой плазме. Izindlela yokulinganisa lokuhlushwa mass izinto esekelwe ukuzimisela namandla emisebe ye-atom amancanyana kanye ion timphawu okuhambisanayo ezazivuswa i-plasma argon.

Ucwaningo indlela

Ukuze umjovo we isixazululo isampula (isampuli) i-athomu ekushayweni uHlelo LweDeskithophu Ekude usebenzisa futha peristaltic futhi atomizer. Isixazululo ngesimo amaconsi amancane ekamelweni (ngefomu aerosol). Ngemva tube sikaphalafini e umfudlana argon aerosol wafutha ku-plasma inductively oluhambisana.

Phakathi naso sonke isikhathi yokuhlala isampula therein (abangu. 2-3 ms) Cycles ihlolwe vaporization kanye atomization, ionization futhi excitation. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo lapho ihlaba umkhosi ion futhi ama-athomu, ugxila umqhewu emnyango uHlelo LweDeskithophu Ekude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is ahlukaniswe wavelength nehele (nizihlakaza elementi).

Polychromator uHlelo LweDeskithophu Ekude kwenza kanyekanye ucwaningo multi-elementi. Kulokhu, emisebeni monochromatic, ngemva edlulisa umumo womsebenzi nehele phezu ukuwa ku ophumayo umqhewu. Setha okukhiphayo izinombolo ezihleliwe of photomultipliers (PMTs). Ngamunye wabo nerejista emisebeni ye inamandla othize ngesikhathi okhiqizwayo.

I-athomu ekushayweni uHlelo LweDeskithophu Ekude Echelle ngokwahlukana uhlelo optical (noqhekeko) emisebeni ekhiqizwa umumo womsebenzi nehele kanye nezibhebhe. Ngesikhathi okukhiphayo yesithombe Spectral kuyinto ezimbili-ntathu.

imisebenzi umbhalisi lwenziwa yi CID (isimo okuqinile afanayo umtshina). Isibalo ukuqopha Amaphikseli therein esingeqile ayizinkulungwane 250. Ngenxa yalokho, omunye nesilinganiso zingenziwa multi-elementi ukuhlaziywa kanye ukubhalisa umugqa ebucayi kakhulu element ngayinye.

amasu ISIBONELO nesilinganiso: ezilamatshe aligugu amasampuli

amasampula Ukuhlaziywa anokungcola equkethe ebonakalayo particulate ndaba (kwenze) Kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili.

Eyokuqala isifundo ezitsheni evulekile. Isampula amanzi angcolile aqukethe kodaka noma izinhlayiya imisiwe, elishukumisayo. Ngemva kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokushisa-resistant glass (noma igabha) athathwa cu 100. cm isampula.

Uma kubalulekile ukucacisa uhlobo izinto ziyoncibilika isampula ngaphambilini elicwengekileyo. Ngenxa yale njongo ingasetshenziswa isihlungi ulwelwesi noma iphepha.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukulungiselela isampula nalutho. Isebenzisa deoinizirovannaya noma amanzi bidistilled esikhundleni indle.

Ngu sikuhlaziye amasampula nalutho kunezelwa kanzulu nitric-tu (2 cu. Cm) futhi i-hydrogen peroxide (1 cu. Cm).

Kwabonakala izimoto ezinkulu zamasosha abathukuthelela amahora amabili ekuvimbeleni abilayo. Isixazululo wafakwa ayahwamuka kwabangaba ngu-25 cubic metres. cm.

Emva lwaluyophola, amasampula belethwa deoinizirovannoy noma amanzi kabili distilled yenqwaba yokuqala (100 cu. Cm).

Uma slurry ezisele, isuswe (by filtration) ukuze ome izitsha.

microwave noqhekeko

Njengasendabeni yabase langaphambilini, isampuli eliqukethe izinhlayiya okwesikhashana kufanele zixutshwe. Waphothula isilinda kufanele uthathe 50 cm 3 isampula indawo PTFE isilinda.

Ngemva kwalokho, isampula yengezwe bagxila nitric-ta (2 cm 3). Ingxube ibekwe endaweni hood fume imizuzu 15-30.

PTFE isilinda ufakwa i autoclave (Ukushisa apharathasi) microwave. Kufanele uholwe imiyalelo imishini futhi izinyathelo zokuphepha.

Apparatuses Ukushisa ahlelwe kwesithando; setha uhlelo amasampula ukunwetshwa.

Lwaluyophola autoclave ezinyakaziswayo ngobumnene. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okuqukethwe elixutshwe kahle. Ngemva kwalokho, ikhava kancane ukuvula nokucindezelwa equilibration.

Qualitatively, ingxube ukuthi ukubola emva ukususwa nitrogen oxides yisisombululo kungekho nto enemibala emihle noma aphuzi okusobala. izinhlayiya zingaxazululeki ezindongeni liner kufanele ingabi.

Ikhambi Ngaleso selehlile ekamelweni lokushisa, wabe esethunyelwa ibe umfuma cm3 50. Wall PTFE liner wageza kabili distilled noma amanzi deionized (izingxenyana ezincane).

ukuqinisekiswa

It is olwenziwa ukuze MVI, ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni isimo metrological imisebenzi kwabaqaphi. осуществляется также для контроля состояния технически-сложных систем (ГОСТ 22.2.04). izinqubo Certification nesilinganiso kwenziwe futhi ukulawula izinhlelo uyinkimbinkimbi (GOST 22/02/04).

MVI, okuyinto eqele ngalé yokwanda ukulawula isimo kanye nokuqondisa, certified ngokuvumelana nemithetho kuchazwe e ibhizinisi noma igatsha neminyango.

Umgomo oyinhloko inqubo uba isiqinisekiso kungenzeka yokufeza izilinganiso ngendlela kanye nephutha engeqile izibalo ezishiwo idokhumenti nendlela.

Certification uqhutshwa inkonzo metrological nezinye izindikimba ogunyazwe ukuba afeze nesilinganiso isiqinisekiso imisebenzi.

Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngesisekelo Ukuhlola izinto futhi imibhalo ngomumo ukuthuthukiswa MM. Lezi zihlanganisa izinto lobuchwepheshe / ucwaningo lokuhlola.

Imibhalo izitifiketi

Uhlu izibambiso zihlanganisa:

  1. izidingo zokuqala indalo (ukuthuthukiswa) ka MVI.
  2. Okusalungiswa idokhumenti umqondo amasu.
  3. Uhlelo futhi imiphumela ibalwa / zokuhlola Iphutha ukulinganisa izici.

umphumela omuhle

Endabeni yokusungulwa sokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko MVI idokhumenti zokulawula evunywe yokugcina ngendlela ebekiwe. Kuyo (ngaphandle isimo ejwayelekile) wabonisa ukuthi MVI certified. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke wabonisa inhlangano (ibhizinisi), isevisi metrological ofeza luhlolo. SSMC kungenziwa ebekiwe noma umzimba HMS.

Register MVI

indlela Certified ngeke zibalwe ngoba. Kuze kube yimanje, Federal Register of izinqubo nesilinganiso usumisiwe. It sinetigaba eziningana.

standard ezilawulwayo futhi indlela vetted ukuthi kusetshenziswe yokwanda metrological ukulawula isimo kanye nokuqondisa, kufanele zibhaliswe nsuku saziso.

разработчик направляет во ВНИИМС (Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт метрологической службы) документ на МВИ с приложением копии свидетельства об аттестации. Ukufakwa phakathi Register yokulinganisa nezindlela unjiniyela ithumela VNIIMS (Wonke-Russian Research Institute for Metrological Izikhungo) idokhumenti MM ngekhophi yesitifiketi isifakazelo.

imali yokubhalisa lizokhokhiswa.

Inqubo ngayinye uma ungena irejista inikezwa ikhodi. Kuhlanganisa isifinyezo DF (Federal Register), inombolo isahluko (idijithi elilodwa), thayipha izilinganiso ikhodi (amadijithi amabili), usuku lokubhalisa (ngonyaka) kanye nenombolo ye-serial akhawunti (amadijithi emihlanu). Ngokwesibonelo: FR.1.37.1998.00004.

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