Ingane engaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 (iningi) ibonakala njengengane. Isahluko 11, Art. 54 wekhodi yomndeni ye-Russian Federation

Isimo sezomthetho siqinisekisa isimo somuntu emhlabeni. Ngokukhula, wonke umuntu uthola amalungelo amasha, imithwalo yemfanelo, umthwalo wemfanelo. Abangabantu abadala kuphela, kodwa futhi nabantwana. Nakuba iminyaka yobudala ineminyaka engama-18, nokho ngaphambi kokuba abafana banamalungelo abo.

Wonke amalungelo nezibopho zengane zihlelwe ku-Code Family ye-Russian Federation. Isivumelwano samalungelo omntwana siphinde sisebenze, idokhumenti yomhlaba wonke equkethe izihloko ezingu-54. Ngesisekelo sabo, impilo, ukukhuliswa nokuthuthukiswa kwezingane kulawulwa.

Ukuphila nokukhuliswa

Ku-Art. 54 I-SC yaseRussia Federation iqinisekisile ilungelo lomntwana lokuphila nokukhuliswa emndenini. Ngakho-ke, umbuso usekela izingane ngaphandle kwabazali. Ingane engaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili iyaziwa njengengane.

Izingane zingazazi abazali bazo, zizinakekele, zihlale nabo. Okuhlukile kungase kube khona ukuxabana kwesithakazelo. Izingane kufanele zikhuliswe ngabazali. Unelungelo lokuqinisekisa izithakazelo, ukuthuthukiswa, inhlonipho.

Uma kungekho babazali, khona-ke izingane zezinhlangano zokugcinwa nokugcinwa kwenhlangano zikhuliswe ngokwemithetho esungulwe yiSahluko 18 seCriminal Code of the Russian Federation. Imikhuba enjalo iboniswa ku-Art. 54.

Ukuxhumana nabazali nezinye izihlobo

Izingane zingakwazi ukuxhumana nabazali nezinye izihlobo. Lokhu kusekwa ubuciko. 55. Ngisho nokuqedwa komshado wabazali, indawo yokuhlala akufanele iphule leli lungelo. Lo mthetho uyasebenza futhi uma uhlala emazweni ahlukene. Ingane ethintekile isimo esibi kakhulu ingaphatha abazali bayo nezinye izihlobo.

Ukuvikelwa

Ingane ibonwa njengomuntu ongakafiki eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, onelungelo lokuvikela izithakazelo. Lokhu kunikezwa abazali noma abantu abathintekayo, kanye neziphathimandla zokugcinwa, umshushisi, inkantolo. Ingane encane ekwazi ngokomthetho ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-18 ingakwazi ukuzisebenzisa ngokuzimela amalungelo nemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuvikelwa.

Izingane zinelungelo lokuvikelwa ekuziphatheni okungalungile kwabazali. Uma izintshisekelo zomntwana ziphulwa, kuhlanganise nokungafezeki kwemithwalo yemfanelo yabazali, ingane encane ingafaka isicelo kumphathi wokulondoloza. Ekusebenzeni kweminyaka engu-14 kukhona ithuba lokuvikela izithakazelo enkantolo.

Uma ngabe kukhona umuntu owazi ukwesatshiswa kwengane, kufanele aziswe ngalokhu enhlanganweni yokugcina nokugcinwa endaweni yokuhlala. Uma ulwazi olunjalo lwakwamukelwa, izinyathelo zizothathwa ukuvikela izithakazelo zezingane ezincane. Isimiso siboniswa ngobuciko. 56.

Umbono

Amalungelo, izintshisekelo zezingane ezincane ziphathelene nezici ezihlukahlukene zokuphila. Ingane inelungelo lokuveza umbono wakhe (Isigaba 57). Ngezinye izikhathi izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 zimenywa enkantolo ukuzwa emhlanganweni. Umbono wengane oneminyaka engu-10 ubudala uyacatshangelwa. Ukungekho amacala lapho lokhu kuphikisana nezintshisekelo zakhe. Ezinye izinqumo zeziphathimandla zokuqapha zenziwa ngesisekelo semvume yengane iminyaka eyishumi.

Igama lokuqala, igama eliphakathi, isibongo

Ingane ibonwa njengomuntu ongakafiki eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, onelungelo egameni, igama lomsebenzisi, isibongo (Isigaba 58). Igama lihlelwe ngabazali, i-patronymic inqunywa igama likababa. Isibongo sinikezwa umzali. Uma ubaba nomama behlukile, khona-ke kusungulwa ngesivumelwano.

Uma kungekho isivumelwano phakathi kwabazali ngegama lomntwana, izingxabano zixazululwa yiziphathimandla zokugcina. Uma engekho ubaba, igama linikezwa izingane ngumama.

Ukushintsha igama, isibongo

Ingane ngumuntu ongakafiki eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, onelungelo lokushintsha igama lakhe nesibongo (Isigaba 59). Lokhu kuvamile kuyatholakala iminyaka engu-14. Le nqubo isetshenziselwa isikhalazo sokubambisana kwabazali enhlanganweni yokubambisana. Igama elifunayo likhethiwe, futhi isibongo sishintshwa sibe isibongo somzali wesibili.

Uma umama nobaba behlala ngokwehlukana, futhi umzali ingane ehlala naye ifuna ukunikeza igama lakhe, igunya lokugcinwa linikeza leli thuba kuye ngokuzithandela kwengane. Umbono wesibili womzali akudingekile.

Uma izingane zizalwa ngaphandle komshado, futhi ukuzalwa komuntu kungasungulwa, kungenzeka ukuvumela ukushintsha kwesibongo ngesibongo somama. Shintsha igama noma igama lomntwana oneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10 lizofika kuphela ngokuvuma kwakhe.

Amalungelo omhlaba

Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 zinamalungelo okuthengisa (Isigaba 60). Bangathola okuqukethwe okuvela kubazali nakwezinye izihlobo. Izikhwama ezihloselwe ingane encane zingase zibe ngesimo se-alimony, izimpesheni, izibonelelo. Ziyalwa ngabazali bazo, zichitha imali ekukhuliseni, ukukhulisa, imfundo. I-Alimony ingadluliselwa kwimali engenayo yabakhokhi ngenani elingekho ngaphezu kwama-50%.

Ingane ingathola imali engenayo, impahla njengesipho, ifa noma ngokuthengiswa kwempahla. Umyalelo usebenza ngaphansi kwezigaba 26 no-28 ze-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation. Kodwa ingane ayinalo ilungelo lokuba nomnikazi wabazali, njengoba nje lo mfundi engakwazi ukukhipha impahla yabantwana. Ukusetshenziswa kuvunyelwe isivumelwano.

Ummeleli wezomthetho

Ku-Code Civil ye-Russian Federation ayikho incazelo yalo mqondo, futhi ayikho emthethweni kwi-Criminal Code ye-Russian Federation. Kodwa lisetshenziselwa yonke indawo ukuvikela amalungelo abantwana. Ku-Code Criminal ye-Russian Federation kuthiwa abazali bayabhekwa njengabameli bomthetho wengane yabo. Kufanele bavikele izithakazelo zabo (Isigaba 64). Uma kukhona ukungavumelani phakathi kwabo, ummeleli wesincane unqunywe yigunya lokugcinwa. Isitifiketi sokuzalwa siyisiqinisekiso sokumelelwa komthetho.

Kwezinye izimo, ingane idinga ukunakekelwa, isibonelo, ngokulahla amalungelo omzali. Khona-ke ummeli okhethiwe uyoba ngumvikeli wamalungelo ezinhlanganweni ezahlukene. Ngezinye izikhathi izingane zingaphansi kokugcinwa kweziphathimandla zokuqapha, lapho isinqumo sokuphila kwengane kamuva sidingeka.

Isimo sezomthetho

Ngaphezu kokuthi ingane engaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye ibonakala njengengane, inesimo. Lokhu kusungulwa ngumthetho:

1. Ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-6 ubudala - ukungakwazi ukukhubazeka.
2. Iminyaka engu-6-14 - ikhono lokusebenza lilinganiselwe.
3. Iminyaka engu-14-18 - amandla amancane.
4. Kusukela eminyakeni yobudala kunamandla okusemthethweni.

Umthamo wezomthetho ogcwele futhi oyingxenye uhlawulelwa abazali noma abaqaphi. Sinomsebenzi wokunakekelwa isimo sezinto ezingokwenyama nezingane. Ngesikhathi seminyaka engu-6-14, ukuthengiselana okulula kuyatholakala, lapho akudingeki ukuba usayine amaphepha omthetho. Izenzo ezivunyelwe zichazwe ku-Article 28 ye-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation.

Kusukela eneminyaka eyi-14, amalungelo abantwana ayenwe, banamandla okuba yingxenye, ngakho banga:

• Ukuchitha imali eyitholile;
• Qinisekisa amalungelo kumpahla yengqondo;
• Yenza ama-deposit ebhange;
• Thatha ingxenye kokuthengiselana nge-estate.

Umthetho uthi kungenzeka ukuqala kwamandla angokomthetho kusuka eminyakeni engu-16. Ngaphansi kwe-Article 21 ye-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation, lokhu kwenzeka ngezizathu ezilandelayo:

• Isiphetho somshado;
• Yenza umsebenzi onkontileka yokuqashwa;
• Ukuvula ibhizinisi lakhe.

Umthamo wezomthetho ogcwele, noma ukukhululwa komthetho, kuza ngesisekelo sesinqumo somzimba we-trusteeship noma inkantolo.

Ingane kufanele ibe nobani?

Ingane engaphansi kuka-14 kumele ihlale nabazali bayo noma abaqaphi. Futhi lapho kungekho khona abameli bezomthetho - ezikhungweni zegunya lokugcinwa. Mhlawumbe indawo yokuhlala ehlukile ngesikhathi sokwelashwa noma uhlale esikhungweni semfundo. Ngokuvamile abazali bahlala ngokwehlukana. Khona-ke kubalulekile ukuxazulula ngokuthula inkinga yokuhlala kwengane.

Uma kungenjalo, udinga ukuxhumana nezinkantolo. Ngokusho kuka-Art. 65 SK of the Russian Federation, umbono womntwana ucatshangelwa. Uma eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala, unelungelo lokunquma indawo yokuhlala kuyo imvume yabazali. Kodwa i-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation ayihlanganisi lelo thuba, futhi i-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation ivumela ukuhlala okuhlukile ngemva kweminyaka engu-16.

Ngehlukaniso

Lapho umshado usuqedwa, abashadile kufanele banqume mayelana nokuphila nokuhlinzeka izingane. Ngokwenza njalo, kukhona amacala okubambisana, lapho ingane iguquka ehlala nonina nobaba. Inkinga yokuhlala ingaxazululwa ngokuthula nangenkantolo.

Umthetho wokuzithandela ufakwe ku-Article 65 ye-Code Criminal ye-Russian Federation. Uma kungenjalo, kufanele uhambe enkantolo. Ngemva kokujwayela zonke izimo, inkantolo ithatha isinqumo ngokuhlala kwengane ngesikhathi sehlukaniso. Inkantolo iyakhathalela izithakazelo zezingane, futhi amalungelo abazali kuleso simo afanayo.

Inkantolo izocatshangelwa:

• Izimfanelo zomuntu siqu zabazali;
• Isimiso somsebenzi;
• Ukuchuma;
• Isimo somshado;
• Ubudlelwane;
• Ukuba khona kwabafowethu, odadewethu;
• Ezempilo;
• Indawo yokuhlala;
• Umbono wengane, uma uneminyaka engu-10 ubudala.

Inkantolo ikhetha indawo yokuhlala lapho ingane izohlinzeka ngezimo ezihle kakhulu. Icala ngalinye lingumuntu ngamunye, ngoba izici eziningi zithinta isinqumo.

Ngokuvumelana

Isivumelwano sokuzithandela asikhathazi kakhulu isimo somqondo wengane. Leli lungelo lihlelwe ku-Art. 23, 24 we-Criminal Code ye-Russian Federation. Isivumelwano asiqali nje kuphela indawo yokuhlala, kodwa futhi nokuhlelwa kwezindleko zokuhlinzekwa.

Ukuze imibhalo ibe ngokomthetho, bobabili abazali bayayisayina, bese befakazela ku-notary. Udinga amakhophi angu-3. Inkantolo ithola ikhophi yesivumelwano.

Lapho abazali bengekho

Lapho izingane zenqaba ezimweni zokungabikho kwabazali, umthwalo wabo wenziwa yizwe. Inqubo yokubhalisa ukunakekelwa isungulwe izahluko 18-22 ze-Criminal Criminal of the Russian Federation. Izingane zalesi sigaba kumele zihlonishwe yiziphathimandla zokugcina, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungani abazali bengekho.

Khona-ke kungenzeka:

• Ukubhaliswa kokulondoloza, isibonelo, yisihlobo esiseduze;
• Ukwamukelwa;
• Umndeni wakwa-Foster;
• Ukuhlala okwesikhashana esikhungweni.

Izinzuzo ezingaphezulu zinikezwa ukutholwa. Leli fomu lokuthola umndeni obhekwa njengento ehle kakhulu kubantwana. Khona-ke amalungelo omntwana kufanele avikelwe ngabazali bakhe abasha.