Inhlekelele e Kazan: izimbangela, ukuhlaziya isazi, sokuqonda "ibhokisi elimnyama"

Ngalolo suku, Novemba 17, 2013, ngesikhathi Kazan sezindiza lutho presaged inhlekelele. Wonke amasevisi eliwumhlaba ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile futhi babelungiselela ukuthatha Boeing-737, enifeza indiza U9-363 abuye acedzele ebaleka esuka eMoscow. Kodwa isiphetho decreed ngenye indlela. Ngezinye 19 ihora. 23 amaminithi. isikhathi Moscow, swooping engela ezibucayi ngaye, indiza ishayisa evulekile. Le nhlekelele kwabulala namadoda angamashumi amahlanu ababe ngesikhathi ebhodini.

Imibuzo okuyinto asamukelanga impendulo

kuphahlazeka indiza e Kazan IKhomishane Yophenyo ibilokhu wafunda ngokuningiliziwe, ehlanganisa abamele Interstate Aviation iKomidi, Federal Air Transport Agency kanye nenombolo ye neminye iminyango. Lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu esisaziyo imininingwane kwenzekeni. Ngo-December 2015 wabona ukukhululwa kwe nencwadi engokomthetho elaliklanywe kubo, enesihloko esithi "Umbiko Wokugcina".

Nokho, ochwepheshe kanye nomphakathi jikelele e Kazan inhlekelele ishiya imibuzo eminingi asitholanga impendulo kule dokhumenti, futhi lapho kungekho khona ulwazi oluthile njengoba wazi, kukhona namahlebezi ukufunisela. Ake sizame ngesisekelo izinto aziwa kabusha le nhlekelele esiguqubele Novemba kusihlwa ngo-2013 esikhumulweni sezindiza enhlokodolobha yase Tatarstan.

indiza esasizobhujiswa

Ngalolo suku, eqa ihora le-18. 25 imiz. kusukela evulekile Domodedovo International Airport, Boeing-737 walibangisa Kazan. Esikebheni kwakuneqembu, ngaphandle crew, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona pilot ezimbili futhi indiza izikhonzi ezine, abagibeli amane nane. I ngokukhethekile ufuna aveze ukuthi ukuphahlazeka e Kazan elabulala a ubuso ambalwa sasivumela owaziwa, flying le ndiza. Phakathi kwabo - inhloko yabangamashumi republic FSB Antonov, indodana kukamongameli Tatarstan I. Minnikhanov, odumile chess umdlali G. Rashitova, kanye nezihlobo umhlaziyi isiteshi se-TV "Russia-2" R. Skvortsova.

Sam airliner isevisi ukuthi indiza ngosuku 363, kwadingeka isikhathi ukubona eziningi esikhathini sokuphila kwami. Waqale wathatha lifika esibhakabhakeni ngo-1990, futhi iminyaka engamashumi amabili nantathu yesevisi, wasebenza ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe eziyisikhombisa. Ngaphambi kokuba abe impahla Tatarstan, wakhonza e-civil aviation eBulgaria, e-Ireland, i-Brazil, e-Uganda kanye France. Ngezinye izikhathi sobudala kwenzeka ngokomthetho ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Uma wenqaba chassis, kanye nama-pilot wambeka phezu "esiswini." Ngesinye isikhathi kwakukhona depressurization we gumbi.

Abashayeli abaye aphakamisa indiza esibhakabhakeni

Lapho IKhomishane Yophenyo bahlola ngokuningiliziwe ezindabeni zabantu abashayeli ebiza indiza ngalolo suku ill-fated, yena washo ngokucacile ukuntula kwabo amakhono. Kusukela izinto icala umlawuli - Rustem Salikhov, Nokho wasebenza e yendiza "Tatarstan" ngoba engaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabili, oshayelayo indiza Boeing-737 kwaba Rookie.

Ngaphambi wandizisa njengoba itilosi nokuqeqeshwa okwenzeka ngo kwavala ngesikhathi isikhungo ukuqeqeshwa. Abaphenyi okubangelwa ilayisensi okukhulu ukungabaza etholwe isikhungo, kanye semthethweni Salikhov ilayisensi umshayeli kwezohwebo.

umlingani wakhe - co-pilot V Gutsul - wasebenza kule nkampani iminyaka emihlanu, kuphela ngo-2011 wathatha izintambo we-Boeing-737. Ngaphambili wakhonza njengombonisi indiza unjiniyela kanye induna, azange abe nesipiliyoni indiza.

isimo eziphuthumayo ebhodini

Kazan Airport wahlangana ngokuhlala liner ababuthakathaka imvula neqhwa futhi stratocumulus. Nokho, ukubonakala akuyona amakhilomitha engaphansana kweshumi, okuvumela ezibukwayo zokuqapha imodi. Buciko ngesivinini 250 km / h kokwehla evamile indlela at ibanga amamitha angaba ngu-500 kusukela ekuqaleni evulekile, induna unolwazi kwesizathu okuvela isimo esiphuthumayo ebhodini. Ngokusho kwakhe, indiza yaba ku "vneposadochnom" isikhundla, ukuncika kuya kwesokudla eksisi umgwaqo amakhilomitha amane.

Lolu lwazi okuhambisana ngokuphelele sezindiza idatha isilawuli ngesisekelo ukufundwa. Le ndlela kwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kazan Airport iye ifakwe yakamuva izindiza electronic isiqondiso uhlelo ku-eksisi evulekile, futhi lokho kwaba isizathu kwenqatshwa, wahlala akucacile. Mhlawumbe umkhumbi ladilizwa ngo kokuqondisa isivunguvungu oqinile womoya.

Yenza izimo yafuna ucingo emzuliswaneni wesibili. Lokhu iqhinga okwenziwe ngokuzenzakalela kusetshenziswa uhlelo Toga, eziklanyelwe ngokuqondile ukusiza abashayeli bezindiza ezimweni eziphuthumayo, futhi outputting indiza ngosizo lighthouse esisogwini phansi isikhundla kokwehla. Baphendukela kuye sikhishwe ngempumelelo, kodwa ekupheleni kwayo, kwenzeka okuthile okwenza kube nomphumela wokuthi kube khona kuphahlazeka indiza e Kazan.

zohlelo Manual

Embikweni walo I Interstate Aviation iKomiti waphawula ukuthi lapho kokushiya indiza kokwehla nokulawula ukwimodi yokuzenzela. Njengoba wachaza pilot ngokwabo ujwayelene ibhodi ukuphathwa Boeing-737, lesi siphetho kusho ukuthi ngesikhathi beqeda kubuyekezwe umshayeli yesibili wabamba amasondo ayo, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele sasilokhu, elibonisa umshini ukuphakama oyifunayo.

Njengoba kufakazelwa uphenyo olwenziwa ukuphahlazeka e Kazan, ekuqaleni yezenzo zawo zazilotshiwe ilungile futhi ifaniswe ukwenza zijike ngokushesha. Njengoba kuboniswe kamuva indiza abalobi, ekhishwe ngemuva kwengozi we black box, liner kwesokunxele imodi eduze ukusuka. enezinto wayo bayiswa isikhundla waqala Umqansa iyadingeka ukuze uqhubeke lo iqhinga. Futhi ngakho kulesi sigaba kwakukhona engozini, kuphahlazeka eyalandela e Kazan ngo-2013.

Iphutha umshayeli ezingenzeka

Ngokusobala, ngenxa yephutha umshayeli izindiza ekhaleni safika ngokucijile futhi okufinyelele-engeli ezibucayi Boeing-737 at 25 °. Waqala ukukhuphuka, kepha isikhundla umshini ukukhiqiza ukumelana namandla ukuze ukugeleza komoya ezayo, okwaphumela ephonsa yesivinini 278 km / h ukuze 231 km / h.

Ebheka phambili, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi, ngokusho kongoti, ngalesi sikhathi udlulile esibulalayo eqophelweni eliyingozi. Ukulahlekelwa isivinini, indiza waya "Itafula", futhi kulokho engamamitha kwaba okwamanje lilincane kakhulu okukhiphayo kusukela isiqongo - ayi-700, ukumsindisa kwakungenakwenzeka.

Athatha izinyathelo ukunciphisa engela kwendiza ngesandla, usebenzisa amathuba ayo amakholomu, ngazama ezama ukujikisa umkhumbi ibe kwimodi ukunciphisa. Kodwa ngemva kokulahlekelwa ijubane kudingekile, indiza waqala ngokushesha nasekhulwini isiqongo amabombo phansi, ezihambayo i-engela 70 °. Lokhu iconsi baqhubeka amasekhondi angaba amashumi amabili, ngemva kwalokho-ke ngesivinini 450 km / ihora cishe thwi ishayise evulekile.

Ngemaminithi ekucala olwalandela ukuphahlazeka

Umsindo kuqhuma umsindo ovala izindlebe wokudubula lezwakala amakhilomitha amaningi. On ukuvalwa eyalandela amasevisi umlilo eziphuthumayo Airport wasebenza kwaze kwaba sekuseni. Kuphela uma umlilo ucime ngokuphelele, umsebenzi waqala futhi abameleli iziphathimandla ayaphenya. Yini bazibona shí ukushaqeka. Ngesikhathi le ngozi ijubane yayiphezulu ukuze bonke abantu babe ku-Indiza iyitholile isakwazi yokuphunyuka. Inhlekelele e Kazan waphenduka emshinini multi-ton ku doti shapeless ayesakazeke amabanga amade uma liya. Ezixutshiwe wabantu iskroshennye izingcezu fuselage, izihlalo, imithwalo kanye imizimba yabantu ...

Terror ashaqe labo ngalolu suku ayeze sezindiza ukuhlangabezana abangane babo kanye nezihlobo. Ngemaminithi ekucala, akekho kubo owayekwazi abakholelwa angaliboni iqiniso lalokho okwenzeka. Eningini ithemba lokugcina kwaba okungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke iphutha ohlwini umgibeli, kanye nemindeni yabo kwaba hhayi ibhodi. lonke izwe lakithi ngaleso sikhathi ubumbano nalabo abalahlekelwa izihlobo kanye nabangani babo. Ngalezo zinsuku, kwabezindaba Russian kanye angaphandle mass kwakungamadodana kuyaphindeka kakhulu igama elithi "nenhlekelele", "Kazan '," i-Boeing ".

Ukuze udumo abashayeli bamatekisi Mangisho ukuthi kulobu busuku abazange ukukhulisa fares, ukuthatha ithuba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le izibuko ayelenga phambi izimoto zabo ipuleti okudweba nombhalo othi: "Ukuze edolobheni mahhala," waxosha ukuze noma ngubani bawadinga ngokuphuthumayo ukuze uthole Kazan - enhlekeleleni Novemba abantu 17 onobunye. Kule ndaba, angifuni ukukhumbula ukuthi baziphathe kanjani nabo eMoscow ngo-2014, ngesikhathi kwenzeka lesi ukuphahlazeka ezitimeleni eMoscow.

Ukuqala uphenyo

Munye walemisebenti ebaluleke kakhulu iziphathimandla aphenya wayefuna "amabhokisi amnyama" - othomathikhi indiza abalobi, aqukethe indiza futhi yonke nemingcele okuxoxiswene pilot phambi ukuphahlazeka e Kazan. Ngokushesha phakathi doti indiza wakwazi ukuthola rekhoda parametric, fixed wonke amathuluzi umsebenzi nemishini kagesi.

Wayekhona isimo ezilimele, kodwa nokho nesithakazelo esikhulu uphenyo. It baphuthuma eMoscow, lapho emagama imininingwane yakhona ukwenza ochwepheshe we Interstate Aviation Committee. izinhlungu Omkhulu ukuthola rekhoda yezwi futhi ukuzwa amazwi abashayeli ngenxa yemizuzu embalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe.

Kuyamangalisa ukuthi kamuva zonke izingxoxo pilot laziwa obala. Iningi lawo abantu ngaphansi isinqumo leKomiti wahlala ukushicilelwa. Lokhu ngokushesha emenza kokuqagela ukuthi mhlawumbe abanikeze asebenza nabo ngesikhathi yengozi omunye VIP-abantu flying le ndiza, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kukhona izinsolo - labangamkhonti uma izenzo zakhe ngokungenasizathu imbangela eziphuthumayo. Yindaba ezivamile - umphumela ukuthula ukuhlawumbisela okushiwoyo.

Ezenye sokuqonda "amabhokisi amnyama"

Ilindele "amabhokisi amnyama", le idatha egciniwe ukuqaqwa imiphumela uhlolisisa ukuqoshwa amakhamera yasekhaya ukubhekwa sezindiza. Balithatha izikhathi lokugcina umkhumbi. Wakhe izibani isignali isikhundla futhi portholes nazo zonke ubufakazi lalibonisa iqiniso ukuthi ngesikhathi kwenzeka le nhlekelele, wayengumuntu cishe esimweni mpo. Uphenyo ukuthola izizathu okuyinto bavusa ukwenza kanjalo. Impendulo yalo mbuzo singayithola kuphela ukunikeza indiza abalobi.

Ezinsukwini ezimbili kusukela eMoscow, wamukela imiphumela yokuqala. Nokho, sokuqonda "ibhokisi elimnyama", izimpendulo ezivame bephakamisa imibuzo, wabeletha amasha. Idatha parametric yabonisa ukuthi iqembu, okwenza indlela, waphoqeleka ukuya emzuliswaneni wesibili, kodwa lokho izizathu abanqanda wenze lesi senzo kusukela okokuqala, wahlala akucacile. Ngoba kokubili pilot Kazan sezindiza yayiyindawo kwemisebenzi yawo unomphela futhi, yebo, ibilokhu wafunda kahle. Kwenzekani kulesi sikhathi?

It is onemibuzo kwaba ulwazi wabonisa ngokuphelele sokungasebenzi nezisebenzi kokubili ngesikhathi Umqansa okukhulu yaphela umonakala izindiza ukulahlekelwa kala, futhi ngesikhathi dive yakhe, noma kunalokho, ukuwa cishe mpo, eyathatha imizuzwana amabili.

Impendulo yalo mbuzo alinikwa ngisho ukutadishwa amakhadi ezempilo kanye nabashayeli lidlule Imiphumela yabo ngokwengqondo test. Kunoma ikuphi, odokotela bathi liziphathe ngakho kahle phakathi naso sonke isikhathi yokunika ebulalayo, eyathatha, njengoba kushiwo kakade, imizuzwana amabili, noma bangathathi sesimweni uvalo zingalawuleki, noma ngokuba stupor ephelele.

Ukusayinwa umbiko wokugcina we Commission of Inquiry,

Kusukela emagama of "ibhokisi elimnyama" futhi akasinikanga Impendulo yombuzo ngezimbangela zokuziphendukela owayenecala ngale nhlekelele ukuthi kwabangela ukufa inombolo enkulu zabantu ochwepheshe Boeing Corporation Kwakuhileleke, wahlanganyela kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwale ndiza. Bafika-ke usizo abamele French umenzi we izinjini, okuyinto ayenendawo imikhumbi zalolu hlobo locingo.

Kwakheka eyodwa subcommittee wasebenza uSepthemba 16, 2014 ngazwi linye wanikeza isiphetho sokuthi ngesikhathi indiza yengozi zisesimweni esihle. Izimpawu ukwehluleka zezindiza ubuchwepheshe asitholanga amarekhodi izindlela lokulawula inhloso, abalobi ie noma izingcezwana lokusinda yezingxenye neyesifunda ye airliner iphahlazeka.

Ngo-April 2015 wonke amalungu ikhomishana iphenye ukubeka amasignisha zabo ngaphansi okusalungiswa umbiko wokugcina. Qaphela Le dokhumenti ayibangelwa ubani, kuhlanganise nommeleli ezisemthethweni "zezindiza Russian". Kwathiwa wavumelana ngabameli wonke amazwe ahlanganyele emsebenzini walo myalo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona: Melika, France, Great Britain Bermuda.

Umbono eliphikisa we bale "zezindiza Russian"

Kodwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili zalesi convergence ukubukwa iphukile. Ungene idokhumenti kungalindelekile wasuka omele "zezindiza Russian". Ngenxa yezizathu engacacile namanye amalungu walo myalo, ejensi wabuyela version elidala zezizathu Ukuphahlazeka iphutha e Kazan - okungukuthi ukwenqaba uhlelo zommbila control. Isimo abakuso ayikwazanga wachaza, njengoba umkhuba emhlabeni ibonisa ukwenza engenaphutha salezi zici, futhi namanje akubanga Udaba olulodwa yokwehluleka kwazo.

Lena isitatimende kwabo kwaba nemiphumela engalindelekile. Abaholi balezi Interstate Aviation iKomiti isikhipha umyalo owawuthi lonke izwe ukumisa ekusebenzeni kwendiza Boeing-737 brand. Nokho, "i-Federal Air Transport Agency" abese echaza ukuthi Inkani - ke nje indiva imiyalo inhlangano ephethwe yisigungu sesonto, nemikhumbi baqhubeka ukundiza mthandazo oyisibonelo, njengokungathi akwenzekanga lutho.

Izinkinga ukulungiswa indiza nabasebenza

Ngesikhathi uphenyo emkhakheni Ngenxa ihhovisi lomshushisi kwaba CEO yezindiza "Tatarstan" uVladimir Portnov. On ke ubeke umthwalo neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela, njengoba umqondisi indiza, uzibophezele ekuphathweni umgibeli airliner yayo umkhuzi Rustem Salikhov, lowo ngokusho uphenyo, kwadingeka asikho isizathu esiphathekayo. Ngo-November 2015, kanye V Portnov yena eboshelwe endlini.

Nenhlekelele (737) Kazan baphoqeleka ukuba siqaphelisise izinga jikelele ukuqeqeshwa indiza izisebenzi. Kwavela ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva, ngenxa yobunzima zezimali "Tatarstan", kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthumela ezanele wokuqhubeka zochwepheshe abashayeli bezindiza. By the way, inkinga efanayo ebhekene eziningi abathwali emoyeni angaphandle. Ngokwalo mbiko kwabezindaba European, eziningi izinkampani wavuma ukuthi ngenxa yesabelozimali, zaphoqeleka ukuba kuncishiswe amahora ukuqeqeshwa umshayeli.

Iphuzu kule ndaba wakhululwa ngeviki elingaphambi entsha, 2016, lapho i-Interstate Aviation iKomiti ekhishwe yi-version yokugcina umbhalo ngemiphumela yophenyo. Inhlekelele e Kazan, izimbangela zazo elicacisiwe idokhumenti, ngokuvumelana abalobi bayo, kwaba umphumela kokubili iphutha lobuchwepheshe kwendiza, lokho kusho ephikisayo omele "zezindiza Russian" kanye nokuntuleka ukuqeqeshwa professional abashayeli bezindiza.

Umshwalense kwemali kuya Imikhaya eshonelwe

Ngokuhambisana nomthetho we-izindiza, nezisebenzi zawo nazo zonke abagibeli phezu ebhodi oVikelwe. Ngenxa yalokho, le ngozi inkampani yomshuwalense iphutha izinkokhelo okuhambisanayo zenziwe. Kulaba, abayizigidi ezingu-ruble 580 for izindiza kanye ruble 100 000 kuthi ukufa kwelungu iqembu ngalinye. Imindeni abagibeli ngalolo zendiza, babengabantu amane nane engilamukele inkampani yomshuwalense for ruble ayizigidi ezingu 2,025.

izinkokhelo Ubude zaba US $ 9.5 million. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zimali ngaphansana kulabo ababengabafo abangamaqhawe, ukwamukela kwabaphansi we zezisebenzi kanye nezihlobo abanye babo yamemezela inhloso yabo ukufaka icala yendiza "Tatarstan" ngenxa izinkokhelo ongaphakeme umshwalense. Kuyefana nasendleleni izihlobo abagibeli ngabo ukuba indiza Wagcina ekuphileni kwakhe. Baye wathola isinxephezelo ngokucacile phansi.

Izibalo, ngasocansini

Kufinyeta bonke ngenhla, kubalulekile ukuba ubheke izinkinga abhekana naso civil aviation Russian ngokuvamile, ibonakalisa owawungumnyaka ukuphahlazeka e Kazan. Abashayeli nezinye air abathwali yasekhaya, okuyinto ezweni lakithi kukhona cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amabili nambili, zisendaweni efanayo nozakwabo kusukela "Tatarstan". Bomsebenzi kanye ukuphepha kwabagibeli kuncike izimali inqubo yemfundo, futhi kwenkululeko inkampani kunzima kakhulu ukulawula.

Izibalo ezingozi ezenzeke izindiza civil eminyakeni yamuva, akusho engeza nethemba. Ngokusho kwemibiko, Russia ebangela% mayelana 15 amaphesenti bonke lababuleweyo emoyeni ukuphahlazeka emhlabeni wonke. Uma sicabanga ukuthi Russian umgibeli traffic ebangela% 2.8 kuphela zomhlaba, kuba inani lokufa kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana ezingeni sokuphepha izindiza. Ngaphansi kohlaka izinkinga ezivamile kufanele kubonakale futhi izingozi e Tatarstan, zazo babebaningi emlandweni we civil aviation yasekhaya.