Ngayiphi ngonyaka wathengiswa Alaska eMelika? umlando Alaska

Umlando ukudayiswa Alaska namanje abaningi ucabangele okukodwa oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke ukuthengiselana Russian. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi izwe ithengiswe kusese Umbusikazi uCatherine II. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi azithengiswa Alaska-USA kanti futhi wanikezwa Isinqumo intela imba Regal iminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye. Kuphelelwe yisikhathi, kodwa izwe Russian kabuyelanga. Uma kakade izikhathi wesekela likaNobhala Jikelele eSoviet Union uBrezhnev engafuni ukuthatha emuva.

Kodwa uma ukhumbule lokho ngonyaka ithengiswe Alaska America, kuyacaca ukuthi uCatherine lokhu asihlobene. Wabusela Russia phakathi nale nkathi uMbusi u-Alexander II. Futhi odlale emlandweni indima kubalulekile ukuthi umuntu ebonisa nabanye ababusi. Lokhu Tsar Russian usolwa ngokunukubeza ukuthi cishe yanikeza nsimu enkulu. Kodwa kahle ukuthi izinto zazinjani ngempela njengoba uhlobo unxantathu indawo kwakhiwa Alaska-Russia-US, umlando olusemthethweni kukhona inguqulo eyodwa kuphela, eminye imininingwane okuyizinto Basebaningi abangamazi.

geography

Ngisho wesikole uyazi ukuthi le nhlonhlo - ezweni abandayo nokhahlo, lapho kukhona zasezindaweni ezibandayo Arctic nesimo sezulu esishintshashintshayo. ebusika nokhahlo imimoya neqhwa blizzards e emaphethelweni washayiseka - kuyinsakavukela. Lokhu akusona isimanga: kwanele nje ukucabanga iphi Alaska. Okuwukuphela ingxenye encane ogwini Pacific, lapho isimo sezulu mnene futhi kufanelekile ukuphila komuntu. Kufaka Alaska ezwekazini eNyakatho Melika kuze kube semngceleni ne-Canada. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlanganisa Aleutians, fox, uZiqu-zintathu, u-Alexander Archipelago Islands. Futhi kule nhlonhlo kuyinto strip emincane ezweni egijima ngasogwini Pacific, ixhunywe Strait Dixon yokungena. Kulapha, futhi ingenye dolobha yokuqala kakhulu emhlabeni - of Juneau.

Alaska - Russia

US ngokuthi kule ndawo nje kuphela ngekutsi "Russian Melika." Engxenyeni nesishiyagalombili noboya ekhulwini abahwebi yesibili kwaya kuba abonisa isithakazelo Alaska. Kakade sixties ekuseni lapha Unalaska Island, wasungula idolobhana Russian futhi Yiqiniso, echwebeni lapho sasithathwa ukudayisa uboya. Ngo 1784 umthengisi nomhloli wamazwe UGrigory Shelikhov ku nokulingana ihlelwe uhambo ukuze esifundeni, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho esiqhingini Kodiak eyakhelwe settlement.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu safika lapha amatilosi yaseYurophu beke bazama ukumemezela ubukhosi Spanish phezu ezindaweni ezithile e-Alaska. Nokho, ayikho imiphumela kungukuthi izuzwe. Futhi namhlanje ngazo kulezi zingxenye zifane kuphela amagama ambalwa non-lwendabuko womhlaba, ezifana Port Valdez.

Shelikhov eminyakeni embalwa efanayo kamuva waqala inhlangano izinkampani commercial sokuthuthukiswa Alaska, ukudalwa okwakubekelwa azithathele uhlobo iBritish East India. Yaqalwa ngonyaka ka 1799 kanye nenhloko yalo yokuqala esanda baba Alexander Andreyevich Baranov, ngubani kusukela Eighties sekwephuzile emelelwa nezimboni Russian e Melika. Nguye eyasungulwa ezindaweni eziningana e-Alaska, kuhlanganise Sitka yesimanje, ngaleso sikhathi ngokuthi umuzi Uyingelosi Enkulu.

Imisebenzi inkampani bebonke babenesimo bemvelo ezimbili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayeselahlekelwe wahlanganyela okuzingela ukudoba noboya, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni kwezinye izindawo yokulima olimekayo kanye nemfuyo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-emakhulu asibhozo lo msebenzi nzima emzabalazweni kanye osomabhizinisi American futhi waseBrithani owayehola ehlome abantu bendawo Aboriginal ukulwa Russian.

Ngo-1824, iRussia yasayina isivumelwano sokusungula uchungechunge izivumelwano ne ohulumeni US naseNgilandi. Le mibhalo ezingeni likazwelonke ichaza imingcele ezibonakalayo Russian eNyakatho Melika. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, lapho i-Alaska baba American, kwaba eminyakeni engaphansi kwamashumi amane nesigamu.

nesimo esinzima

Ngo-1861, unyaka eRussia, njengoba sazi, ukuqedwa serfdom. Ukukhokhela isinxephezelo kulabo kulendawo zabo, kanye ukhokhe izindleko inkampani, i-uMbusi u-Alexander II waphoqeleka ngo-1862 ukuboleka Rothschild at angamaphesenti amahlanu ngonyaka amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu nanhlanu. Nokho, izikhulu zezimali ngokushesha okuya ukubuyela, futhi yomcebo yasebukhosini lalingenalutho.

I isinyathelo ngqa ezihilela ukudayiswa, kodwa kunalokho ngokujoyina Alaska America, wakhuluma N. Muravyov-Amur - umbusi-jikelele Eastern eSiberia. Kwathi 1853, unyaka. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo deal kwaba nje ngenakugwemeka. Kodwa-ke kuye akekho walalela. Futhi ngemva kweminyaka emine, Grand Duke Constantine - umfowabo omncane kaKesari - Alexander ahlinzekwa "yini ezingadingekile" ukuthengisa. Into ezingadingekile kakhulu uvele emazweni nhlobo enyakatho ukuthi isiRashiya, eqinisweni, hhayi balufunda.

Kwakona bokuhlukaniswa, njengoba umlando ukudayiswa Russian Alaska namuhla ziqondakala eziningi ngendlela yakhe. Kodwa kulezo zizathu ezingaphezu kuka okusobala: kule nsimu yabo enkulukazi akukaze alethwe Russian engenayo akhethekile ulwandle imithini, ulwandle izingonyama nezinye abanikazi uboya eyigugu, ngaleso sikhathi ezazidingeka emakethe emhlabeni, isikhathi esiningi nezimboni wabulala kakade. Ngokuvamile, leli koloni kakhulu ngasinda kuphela ngenxa supply elikhulu ice emzini California. Gcina kule nsimu ezineqhwa ka amakhanda ezempi kanye letisebenta lapha ukuthuthukisa phansi ezinkulu, kwakungenandaba ukuthi lokho. Russia, asanda basinda neMpi YaseCrimea, ubekade izinkinga zezimali ngemva kokunqotshwa.

prehistory

Ngokwemvelo, umlando yokudlulisela Melika Alaska has umanduleli yayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, leso sinyathelo waphishekela imigomo ethile futhi wayenesizathu esihle. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, leli zwe ulilethele izimali abalulekile ngenxa ukuhweba noboya, kodwa ngo-sixties kwekhulu esifanayo kwaba sobala ukuthi izindleko eyengeziwe kuyoba kakhulu kunangendlela lemali inzuzo ezingaba khona. Uyohlale kufanele wachitha hhayi kuphela okuqukethwe banal ka kule nsimu, kodwa futhi ukuvikela, futhi uma khumbula, lapho i-Alaska kumephu, ungase ucabange ukuthi imali eningi kuyo yonke le kungadla le yimali Russian Empire.

izimfanelo

Umlando esemthethweni ukudayiswa Russian Alaska, uthi isiphakamiso of deal zazivela ohlakaniphile Russian owaziwa Eduarda Steklya. Kodwa izingxoxo zaqala ngokunembile ngesikhathi UK baba ukwethula izimangalo zabo zensimu.

Futhi waba esinye sezizathu ezenza Russia uye wazuzisa kakhulu ukubabulala ezweni lasenyakatho.

Umbuzo noma ngabe athengiswe Alaska eMelika, isiRashiya, namuhla eziningi impikiswano unyaka. Abanye call 1866-th, abanye - 1867-th. Mangisho ukuthi zombili lezi izinsuku sihambisana ngokoqobo.

izingxoxo imfihlo

ngosuku lwetshumi lesithupha Disemba 1866, i esiguqubele belusizi usuku ebusika uMbusi u-Alexander II ngokuthi umhlangano. Kwaba khona abangu-umfowabo Prince Constantine, izikhonzi neminyango zasolwandle kanye ezezimali, kanye Baron Edouard Stoeckl - inxusa waseRussia eWashington. Mangisho ukuthi umqondo abahlanganyeli ukudayiswa sivunyiwe futsi usekelwe khona. Eqinisweni, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaqala ukubusa Alaska e-United States. Ekuqaleni walinda kwesikhathi amalungelo inkampani Russian-American, bese - the American Civil War. Noma kunjalo, neyeshumi nesishiyagalombili ngoMashi 1867, unyaka umongameli American Johnson ngemva kokucabangisisa ekugcineni ngemvume isimemezelo ku ukudluliswa kwamandla ekhethekile uWilliam Seward. Ngokusho isiphakamiso sikaNgqongqoshe wezeziMali usumisiwe kanye ubuncane embundwini intengo Alaska: ruble ayizigidi ezinhlanu. Ngemva kwesonto, uMbusi waseRussia, emisa imingcele isimo, Stoeckl ethunyelwe America isikhalazo lesiphathimandla UNobhala woMbuso Seward. Ngemva kwalokho, lezi zingxoxo nje ngokushesha waqala ukuthatha indawo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho kwakunokwenzeka ukuvumelana inkontileka ukuthengwa Alaska kusukela isimo Russian ngamaRandi kwezigidi eziyisikhombisa.

I-United States neRussia tsarist

Ngu ekuqaleni inqubo ukudayiswa ubudlelwane yaseRussia United States yafinyelela umvuthwandaba. Ngisho US uye wagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe phakathi neMpi YaseCrimea, uma ingxabano umngcele zandiswa ngeke bathathe isikhundla anti-Russian. Uhlose ukudayisa Alaska owawuse ekusithekeni ezijulile. Ngokumangalisayo, ngaleso sikhathi kakade ezingeni ezanele angaphandle Imininingwane intelligence emazweni wesithathu akuyona oputshukile. I-London "Times" wabhala bakhathazeke kakhulu mayelana ongaqondakali uzwela mutual, ngivuka phakathi US neRussia. Lapho ukuthi imali ikhokhwe ngoba la mazwe enyakatho, ngesikhathi esifushane usukhokhe off, njengoba plus amasu kusukela lokhu kuthenga futhi ayikwazi ukukhuluma, wena nje kufanele sicabange lapho Alaska kumephu.

Ukunganeliseki Britain sasifanele: isivumelwano ka-1867, ngonyaka, hhayi kuphela benza nalawa mazwe amabili omakhelwane, kodwa futhi wenza ukuba abantu baseMelika bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi azungeze ezibonakalayo British enyakatho. Lanezela uphalafini emlilweni futhi ethi Uelbridzha American jikelele emcimbini obubanjelwe yokudumisa ithimba Russian. nencazelo yalo kwakuyile: emhlabeni kukhona Nenkabazwe amabili abalulekile, aseNtshonalanga Kapa kanye naseMpumalanga, futhi umuntu kumelwe ihlanganise-United States, kanti eyesibili - eRussia. Ngokwemvelo, kwaba nomzimba omncane kuphela umdlalo nakwezombusazwe amazwi, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi Russian asekelwe sina amaMelika ekuphakameni yabo.

ukudluliswa ngqo

Ukusayinwa isivumelwano kwaba wamashumi amathathu Mashi 1867, unyaka e-Washington. Wabuthelwa French nesiNgisi, lolo ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyelwa sasiwulimi yezingxoxo zezombusazwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi awukho umbhalo esemthethweni ngesiRashiya nje abekho. Ngaphansi imigomo yenkontileka, eMelika kokuwela Peninsula Alaska ngokugcwele, kanye strip ububanzi ugu eziyishumi ukuya eningizimu.

I-US Senate, nakuba akaboni ukuhlakanipha ukuthenga ezinjalo, kodwa iningi lamalungu alo asekelwe deal.

Nesishiyagalombili ka-October, 1867, i-Alaska iye ngokusemthethweni ezandleni baseMelika. Ohlangothini Russian ngemvume A. A. Peschurov ngaphansi obhekelele ukudluliswa zensimu - kukakhomishana uhulumeni ekhethekile, induna besigaba sesibili. Kuyathakazelisa, kodwa yethulwa yilolu suku, futhi ikhalenda likaGregory. Ngakho-ke Alaskans belahle nesishiyagalombili ka-Okthoba, nakuba yahlala kuyo ingxenye yesihlanu Okthoba. Ngakho uma umbuzo wokuthi unyaka ithengiswe Alaska America, impendulo yalowo mbuzo icacile, ukuthi ngosuku ukusayina yesivumelwano ayikwazi wathi.

zemfihlakalo

Nesishiyagalombili Okthoba 1867, unyaka lapho kugamanxa ihora lesithathu ntambama kwenzeke ushintsho ifulege phezu Flagpole elise phambi kwendlu ka umbusi Alaska. amabutho Russian futhi American zikleliswe ilandelana, futhi uphawu nabangewona ethunywe isikhulu ngala nangale waqala sehlise ifulege kancane ephakanyiswe izinsuku umkhankaso Russian-American. Nokho Lo mkhosi senzeke ngaphansi kwesimo solemnity omkhulu, kuze Ifulege obuntofontofo phezulu e izindophi, akuzange kumenze zokugwema ukuphuka umdwebi.

Ngu komyalo amatilosi ambalwa baphuthuma ukukhuphuka, ukuzama ukuchaza indwangu, lonke banner ukuthi elenga tatters phezu insika. Kodwa akekho waqaphela zimemeza phansi itilosi, dolezshemu kuqala phambi kwakhe, ngakho akazange adikibale banner phansi, futhi izinyembezi obungenza naye. Futhi lapho phezu ukuthi lehlile, kusho ifulege yawa phezu kwezinsizwa ashaya Russian. Mystics ngalesi senzakalo kwakungezwakala isibonakaliso, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi akukho muntu iphutha iwukucabanga ke. Ngokuvamile, umlando ukudluliselwa Alaska Melika zimbozwe izinkulungwane izinganekwane, kodwa abaningi babo ezingelona iqiniso.

Glass futhi wawuyini umsebenzi wakhe ngesikhathi

A indima ebalulekile ukudayiswa Alaska abadlale ingilazi ohlakaniphile. Kusukela 1850 wakhonza njengombonisi Charge d'Affaires we-embasi Russian e-US, futhi kusukela ngo-1854, unyaka idluliselwe okuthunyelwe ka inxusa Russian. Stoeckl mfazi wayemuhle American, ngakho-ke kwangiphatha bafakwe emibuthanweni eziphakeme emphakathini American. Ukuxhumana okunjalo olunzulu wamsiza, kwaba negalelo ekuchithweni ukuqaliswa kuthengiselana. ohlakaniphile Russian ngenkuthalo siyolwela ukuba izithakazelo uMbusi waseRussia. Ukuze benze ukuba isiGele saseRoma ukuze isinqumo ukuthenga Alaska Stoeckl wanika ukufumbathisa, usebenzisa uxhumano yakhe. U-Alexander II wammisa umvuzo zamadola ngamashumi amabini anamahlanu amawaka, kanye nempesheni sonke isikhathi sokusebenza ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyisithupha.

Edward A. ngokushesha ngemuva ukuthengiswa Alaska ukuza Petersburg isikhashana, kodwa ngokushesha kuhanjiswe ku Paris. Nokho, kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe lo ohlakaniphile ngumphakathi isiRashiya, ke nabo. Ngemva umlando Alaska iyagcinwa ngemuva ingilazi notoriety. Yilaba izizathu zabo.

Ngabe ikuphi imali?

amadola Seven million amathathu anamahlanu amawaka, anamakhulu - ukuthi singakanani Okuseleyo ekuqaleni bavumelana abayizigidi ezingu 7.2 Eduard Stoeckl wathola isheke, shiya wena umvuzo, cishe izingalo eziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu nezinkulungwane basakaza njengoba ukufumbathisa ukuze senators abavowudele kokuqiniswa, kanye nabo bonke abanye imali idluliselwe by EFT eLondon. kusukela Petersburg olwandle waya wathenga yonke imali gold bullion. Ezinye ingxenye yenkokhelo lalahleka futhi lapho aguqulwa esingamakhilogremu negolide. Kodwa kwakungeyona ukulahlekelwa lokugcina Russia.

The main umbuzo zomlando Akukhona ukuthi, kulokho ngonyaka ithengiswe Alaska America, nokuthi ngalokho okwenzeka kuma-isukela imali kuthengiselana.

Amagxolo Orkney, ebhodini eliye eside elindelwe isimo Russian ngoba okusanhlamvu, nesithupha July Umbe kakade endleleni eya Petersburg, eneminyaka engu-1868. Kuyinto ayikaziwa ukuthi kwakungokomthetho igolide kuwo, noma-ke akazange ashiye Albion. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani yomshuwalense yazibiza ngokuphelele yimali, futhi ngenxa yalokho kulimaze Russian ibuyiselwe kancane kuphela. It wahluleka ukukhokha isikweletu kuya Rothschilds, kodwa isiqephu enkulu ezweni Russia tsarist nokho elahlekile.

Amaphutha nasekuqageleni

Umlando ukudayiswa Russian Alaska namanje ukhiqiza zonke izinhlobo imibono futhi IMIBONO. Njengoba izingxoxo yayiqhutshelwa ekusithekeni eqinile, basayine inkontileka eside zifihliwe. Futhi nje konyaka "Ncwadi Yonyaka Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba" esanyatheliswa EMhlanganweni French. Lokhu ekusithekeni nasekuqageleni eyaqanjwa kwasekuqaleni ukuthi sekudlule-United States Alaska zokuqashwa engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye, futhi ngemva kwalokhu sikhathi kuyothiwa ebuyela eRussia futhi. Le nguqulo eyiphutha iye agxile ukuze lapho kufika lesi sikhathi siphelelwe yisikhathi, phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule waqala umsindo imfuneko ukuze uthumele emuva. Kodwa, ngeshwa, kwaba nje iphutha. Alaska akuyona yokuqasha, futhi lithengiswe phakade.

amaqiniso

Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-United States eminyakeni emibili eminyaka ngenkuthalo anda insimu yalo. Bambalwa bayazi ukuthi 1803 Melika yaseFrance kwezigidi ezingu nanhlanu zamaRandi wathenga Louisiana, ngemva kwesikhashana i-isamba kathathu esingaphansi kwakuyilapho ushonelwa Spain efanayo atholwe ngempumelelo Florida. Kakade eyishumi kamuva, ngo-1818, unyaka lapho ingxenye "ifa" e-United States esuka Mexico lidlule ingxenye enkulu zensimu.

Ayikho emangalisayo ngaphansi kanye neqiniso lokuthi esinye Alaska isimo esemthethweni waqala kuphela ngo-1959 futhi hhayi 1867, kwathiwa uma ithengiswa.