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Inkulumo isimo - Iyini? isimo inkulumo Modern

"Isimo Speech" - lena Umqondo oyisisekelo isayensi lingvopragmatiki ukutadisha ukusetshenziswa womuntu kolimi ukuthonya perceiver ke (umamukeli), kanye nokuziphatha e inqubo yokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa inkulumo.

Yini kuthinta lokhu kuziphatha kanye izici zayo kuleli noma lowo muntu? It kuvela ukuthi kukhona izinto eziningi futhi izizathu lapho kulele. inhlanganisela yabo ibizwa ngokuthi isimo inkulumo.

Izingxenye ezisemqoka isimo inkulumo

Luchumano futhi isimo inkulumo kuyahambisana. Izingxenye ezisemqoka izingxenye zalo: abahlanganyeli yokuxhumana kanye nobudlelwano bawo, kanye nemibandela zangaphakathi nezangaphandle yokuxhumana.

Isimo zokuxhumana kungaba umbiko lohlelekile nobe longakahleleki. Ngu ubunjalo isimo yokuxhumana luhlukaniswe ibhizinisi (izinkulumo, imibiko, ingxoxo) lasezindlini (izingxoxo nomndeni, abangane). On the kwebalingisi of umamukeli kukhona inani labafundi, indima kanye nobuhlobo yekuchumana phakathi kwazo. Inani abahlanganyeli waqokomisa Monologue (kungumuntu oyedwa), inkhulumomphendvulwano (inkhulumiswano emkhatsini webantfu lababili) kanye polylogue (ingxoxo phakathi abahlanganyeli eziningana).

Inhloso bezingelwa isimo inkulumo - lokhu wenhlanganyelo njengomnikelo enjalo (ukuzijabulisa), umyalezo (ulwazi) noma ithonya (lokukholisa, ugqozi, incazelo, njll).

izingxenye yesibili isimo inkulumo

Ngaphezu kwalezi zici eziyinhloko ezinomthelela imvelo yokukhuluma, izici zayo, kanye nokuziphatha ngamazwi labahlanganyeli zokuxhumana, umuntu angabona ukuhlukanisa futhi ezifana degree of remoteness amaqembu ukuxhumana kwamanye, degree iyazazi ngamunye (lapha iyakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukuxhumana nenkhulumombiko, isib , ingxoxo yocingo kanye inkulumo kwabezindaba), khona izingqapheli nabanye. Kodwa lezi zinto ziyizenzakalo yesibili, njengoba kuqhathaniswa eziyisisekelo, noma izingxenye, izizathu isimo inkulumo.

Cabanga kabanzi yezingxenye esemqoka, okuyinto has a isimo inkulumo, izinhlobo kanye nezici ngamunye.

nempahla

Isimo kokubili loluhlelekile nalolungakahleleki. Isibhakabhaka Esemthethweni kuyasiza ekhethekile zomthetho onikelwa isimo inkulumo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abantu abathile - abantu - bamele izimfuno izinhlangano ezahlukene zomthetho (amabhizinisi, amafemu), kanye iqiniso lokuthi enze izinto egameni lawo phakathi nemihlangano ibhizinisi futhi nezingxoxo.

zokuxhumana Esemthethweni senzeka egumbini inkonzo ekhethekile - reception, ihhovisi, igumbi umhlangano, njll Kungase naphakathi-ezidlulayo emihlanganweni yebandla, yesifunda, amabhodi lwabaphathi (ibhizinisi zokuxhumana olandelwayo) ...

Izidingo yokuziphatha inkulumo esimweni esisemthethweni

isimo Esemthethweni kusikisela ukuthi izidingo imithetho efanele yokuziphatha ukuze ukuziphatha ngamazwi. Lezi zihlanganisa:

- Kuyisibopho zamazwe amabili yezikhalazo "wena" kwenye inhlangano, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubudala futhi isigaba social basonta;

- ekuhambisaneni nemithetho yokuxhumana nenhlonipho Uhlaka (ukubingelela ejwayelekile netivaleliso);

- ukusetshenziswa zokukhulekela zenkolo ezazivame yobuntu, ukuhlonipha enqunyiwe ( "Ngicela" "ngiyeke ...", "uma sicela," nokunye D..).

imvelo Esemthethweni kudinga ukuhambisana nezidingo abahlanganyeli e nesilulumagama zokuxhumana - ke akufanele zifakwe olungamukelekile, afunge, inkulumo ngolimi lwabo lomdabu futhi lwesigodi.

izidingo ezikhethekile ezikhona mayelana ngokuphelele ukuphinyiselwa okufanele kwamagama. Kufanele ihambisane nohlobo kwezincwadi pronunciation, khuluma ngokucacile, ngokucacile. Akwamukelekile ukukhuluma esegijima, bevungazela, ngobudedengu akhiphe ke. Kuyadingeka ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, [Kada] kanye no- [kagda]; hhayi [zdrast'e] kanye no- [zdravstvuyt'e].

Ithoni eziyisisekelo ngesikhathi izingxoxo esisemthethweni okunzima kumele ahlale baqaphe othulayo futhi ngokuncane elawula ofanelekayo friendly, ethule, friendly.

Isibhakabhaka lolungakahleleki esivamile okuzokwethulwa, imihlangano ibhizinisi ngaphandle kwehhovisi, imigubho zokuxhumana kwansuku zonke iqembu. I interlocutors uzizwe nenkululeko ethe xaxa kakhulu ekukhetheni inkulumo ezahlukene kusho kuka esimweni esisemthethweni. Okusho ukuthi bezisebenzisa izindinganiso ezifanayo kanye nemithetho yokuziphatha ngamazwi, ezisetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Izidingo yokuziphatha inkulumo ngokwethukela

Kulokhu, kunemithetho ngaphezulu khulula:

- isikhalo Used "ni-" noma "wena" kuye ngokuthi yobudala, degree iyazazi futhi interlocutor isikhundla;

- ukusebenzisa amazwi yokuvalelisa futhi wamukelekile;

- isicelo izimfuneko nenhlonipho ziyancipha.

Nokho, naphezu izidingo kancane elawula ukukhethwa kwamagama kuyinto efiselekayo ukusebenzisa izingqimba lucebe, ezingalotshwanga Kunconywa ukuba isetshenziswe uma kukhona ukuba isimo ezisemthethweni inkulumo.

Kuyefana nasendleleni nemithetho yalo ehlukahlukene yokubiza amagama.

Degree yokujwayelana iqhaza kuyinto determinant enkulu ukuziphatha ngamazwi ngokwethukela. Lapho uxoxa nabantu ezingabazi noma abangabazi zisetshenziswa, eqinisweni, izidingo ezifanayo yokuziphatha, njengoba kule kuxoxwa ngokusemthethweni. Ngisho noma kukhona "Ngaphathwa" (ikhasimende, isivakashi), abantu abakanye naye egumbini elilodwa, kufanele usebenzise imithetho yokuxhumana esemthethweni.

Lo mthetho awusebenzi kuphela abasebenzi bakamasipala kwanoma iyiphi isikhundla (neminyango kanye zezinkonzo abasebenzi). Kubo, ukuxhumana okusemthethweni kufanele kube kuphela uhlobo lolwazi ibhizinisi (isimo inkulumo, ukubukwa ezicashile nokuxhumana kule ishintshe). Abamele iziphathimandla akakwamukeli ukusebenzisa an informal zokusebenza imvelo. Yidla isikhalo "wena" ngenkathi usebenza ungavumeli esiqinile ubudlelwano phezulu.

nola

uya khona isici kubaluleke ekuxhumaneni ibhizinisi kuka isimo sakhe. Lona umuntu sibhekiswe (iqondiswe) inkulumo isikhulumi (umthumeli). Ukusuka lapho, e yikuphi ukuxhumana kanye indima ubudlelwano simyisa umthumeli incike kukhethwa izindlela kanye yekuchumana nenhlonipho amacebo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni lapho ukuphathwa luyasetshenziswa, banephupho abaphathi izindima social, ezinye zazo yilezi:

- ngokuqinile (inhlangano) imisebenzi yokuphatha;

- ubudlelwane bayo bangaphandle zokukhiqiza;

- ubudlelwano commercial ahlukahlukene.

Lapho uxhumana "ikhanda" - "nceku", "Umenzi" - "umthengi", "Umlingane Osebenzelana Naye" - "umlingani", umqondisi noma umphathi lizokwenza uqobo izimiso ezithile, esekelwe vzaimodestviya ezakhiwe, ukuthuthukisa amaqhinga wabo.

target kulungiselelwa

Basuke kwakhiwa ngesisekelo isimiso zokuxhumana akhethwe abe nguMholi we kulo mkhakha. isimo inkulumo yanamuhla phambili kunayo uyazicabangela izimiso of izimpendulo ubudlelwane emakethe, ukuvumelana - ngokubambisana kanye ukulingana - kule ibhizinisi.

Inhlonipho yakho engapheli isimiso jikelele. Nokho, kukhona inkululeko ebanzi ekukhetheni inkulumo izindlela, ukusetshenziswa bangahluka kuye ngokuthi isimo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uxhumane ezibaluleke kakhulu Ukukhetha umbandela kuwuhlobo isimo senhlalo yomuntu ubani ukhuluma.

Vasily Vladimirovich Sawubona!

UMnu Kirillov Sawubona!

Igor O. Sawubona!

Ukucacisa isimo uya khona kwezenhlalo kuyinto ngamazwi (ekusetshenzisweni kwamagama) nangezenzo (usebenzisa Ukukhetha ithoni).

indima Komphakathi kanye nesimo kwezenhlalo

isimo Social kunqunywa kwezenhlalo, ibhizinisi, isimo sami sezimali, kanye nezinsiza ezihlukahlukene. Esikhathini isiko Russian yokuxhumana bhizinisi egqanyisiwe umehluko ngobulili, ie nowesifazane enesimo esifanayo yezenhlalakahle anelungelo izinzuzo alinganayo.

Kuyo yonke le minyaka, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange ubumbe isiko okuthiwa pietetnogo isikhalazo kubabusi. Kusukela abangaphansi nabanye abantu ezinesimo aphansi zivame ukubonakala abantu abathenga ubuso babantu, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho servility. Uma kubhekwa isimo sezenhlalo besimo enkulumweni yanamuhla ikakhulukazi ucabangela nezikhulu, kodwa isimo sengqondo seziphathimandla kusadingeka okwengeziwe. Uma uxhumana njengokusoka impumelelo yomuntu siqu futhi uquketheni ekhelini.

indima Komphakathi kanye nesimo kwezenhlalo musa njalo luqondane. Ngokuvamile ku enkathini yesimanje of ubudlelwano emakethe kukhona isimo lapho abalingani abamele izinhlangano maqondana sabaphathi (ezifana osizayo futhi inkampani umzali).

Iqhaza yezenhlalakahle umbandela ezibaluleke kakhulu sokunquma okulindele ofuna ukuxhumana nathi, lapho yakhiwa interlocutor. Ngakho, ukulindela kusukela abangaphansi abakhulu - ngezilokotho, ukunemba, ukukhuthala, nenhlonipho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi - ukusekelwa. Ukwephula izindinganiso zokuziphatha kukhona lokulwa ngamazwi, umfise, ukuthi baphathe amaphutha akhe ngezithukuthuku ibhizinisi okhonzile. Ngeshwa, kuyafaneleka ukuthi ukwehluleka ezifana phezu ingxenye abaholi kusadingeka indawo ukuba emphakathini wethu.

Inkulumo etiquette isimo zingase zihluke, kodwa ukuxhumana inceku "ngemibandela alinganayo" - imfuneko ukuze udale iqembu friendly FUTHI OBUMBENE uyakwazi kahle khona emakethe ukuncintisana.

Ngokuphambene, izindima social, zokuxhumana - kukhona iyashintsha. Thatha inkhulumomphendvulwano njalo: isimo inkulumo zingashintsha - eyodwa kanye nomuntu ofanayo kungaba ekhelini, nola noma owayebukele.

umthumeli

Ukuziphatha inkulumo izimo zihilela ngempela umthumeli. Umthumeli - kuyinto umqalisi, ngubani izakhi inkhulumomphendvulwano. Inkulumo zokuxhumana isimo zingase zishintshe kakhulu (isb, kungase isikhulumi noma umbhali). Yiqiniso, kuba indima tactically kunenzuzo njengoba umthumeli usetha ijubane, ithoni, isihloko zokuxhumana. Ngokuvamile, iqala ukuxhumana futhi kusuke kuye futhi kuphela. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi umamukeli kuthatha isikhundla yekwentiwa. Ukukhulumisana kuhilela iqhaza kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Umamukeli ungaboniswa futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe jet ithopholoji "yebo", "yebo", "uma Ngiyaqonda wena kahle ..." "Ngamanye amazwi, ucabanga ...", njll Ngala ayebatshele zona kungaba nokunciphisa izwi umthumeli. isinyathelo ukushintsha izindima emuva.

Obuka, Isimanga siwukuthi, lokhu kubuye esebenzayo zokuxhumana umhlanganyeli isikhundla kusukela, ngisho iqhaza engxoxweni, noma kunjalo ezithinta indawo yawo.

Ukuba khona egunjini kudinga isivakashi yezinkinga naphakathi-umsebenzi ixazululwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ngakho, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, abahlanganyeli yokwenziwa yokuxhumana ibhizinisi alikho nje, isimo inkulumo ichaza ngamunye amaqembu njengoba isihloko asebenzayo. Ngokusho psycholinguists, Ukulalela nakakhulu engqondweni inqubo nezibi uma beqhathaniswa ukukhuluma. Yingakho esikoleni futhi inyuvesi nokunquma nakanjani babe siphuka, futhi umfundisi ongumakad 'ebona uyazi ukuthi when're isifundo, isimo wezokuxhumana ngenkulumo kudingeka uthathe amakhefu iDemo ukugcina ukuxhumana izilaleli.

Kumele lalibonisa iqiniso ukuthi sibaluleke kangakanani isici siqu-subjective ebuhlotsheni yekuchumana. Phela, uma uxhumana asimane nokwabelana ngolwazi, kodwa futhi ukuba adlulisele isimo sethu sengqondo maqondana nalo. It kakhulu inquma ukusabela interlocutor ekuziphatheni kwethu. Ngokwesibonelo, isifundo (isimo yokukhuluma, siye echazwe nje) kumele kwenziwe ukuze sivuse isithakazelo abafundi, isithakazelo sabo, hhayi nje ukudlulisela ukwaziswa. Lena imfuneko kubafundi njengoba kwakufanele ngabe wafunda into. izimo zemfundo ezinjalo futhi inkulumo ezibonisa indlela ebalulekile isici siqu inqubo yokuxhumana.

umgomo

Amatshe kungaba esiphuthumayo futhi ethembisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-zokuxhumana ibhizinisi imigomo yesikhathi eside ziyafezeka e co-operation izinhlelo. Yakha ubudlelwane ezakhayo ukusebenza kungenzeka kuphela ngesisekelo mutual imizwelo eyakhayo -. Uzwela, ithemba, nenhlonipho, sokuthakazelelwa, njll Yingakho isimemo ithunyelwa imikhosi ehlukahlukene, siyakuhalalisela, siyabonga amanothi, uzwela, nokuningi.

Bika isimo lapho uya khona (olunye uhlobo bamatshe) ngokusebenzisa izingcingo, ama-imeyili, ifeksi kusukwe, amanani uhlu, Izincwajana, kanye nabanye.

Imithetho, imithetho, iziqondiso, imiyalo, izikhalazo, izimangalo, izicelo etemlomo nalabhalwako khona ngenhloso ukuthonya umamukeli, ntombazane kuye ukwenza lutho.

Kaningi kuyenzeka ukuthi izinto ngenhla kuhlanganiswe ezitholakala embhalweni owodwa (njengesibonelo, incwadi-sicelo, eziqala umyalezo ngesimo isicelo nesiphetfo).

inkulumo etimeni letehlukene, kunezindlela eziningi, kodwa umuntu ungaphawula izici zabo ejwayelekile ukusiza uzulazule e kokukhetha amathuluzi okuxhumana izwi ukuze kufinyelelwe lo mgomo. izici ezinjalo awashintsheki endaweni yokuxhumana ibhizinisi inkulumo (workshop, izingxoxo ibhizinisi, zokuxhumana ngocingo, njll ..) Futhi ukubhala (incwadi yebhizinisi, inkontileka amalungelo, amalayisensi kanye nabanye.

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