Inqubo zomlando namasiko nezincwadi periodization Russian. I periodization kwezincwadi Russian of 19-20 eminyaka: etafuleni

izincwadi Russian buwusizo olukhulu yonke abantu Russian. Ngaphandle-ke, kusukela ekhulwini le-19, kunzima kakhulu ukukholelwa empucukweni yomhlaba. inqubo zomlando namasiko kanye periodization kwezincwadi isiRashiya yikuphi ukuhlakanipha ethize abo nezici. Kusukela engaphezu kwenkulungwane edlule, ke aqhubeka aguquka futhi lo mkhuba e uzimele isikhathi sosuku. Ingabe uwukuthi ngeke zibe isihloko le ncazelo sihloko. Sizokwenza ukuphendula umbuzo uyini periodization kwezincwadi Russian (RL).

ulwazi olujwayelekile

At ekuqaleni kwendaba siye aqoqelwe ndawonye futhi wethulwa periodization kwezincwadi Russian. Ithebula kuyinto compact nokubonisa ngokucacile izigaba eziyinhloko sokuthuthuka, sibonisa ukuthuthukiswa inqubo yamasiko eRussia. Ngokulandelako, cabangela imininingwane ngokuningiliziwe.

I periodization kwezincwadi Russian simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

Inkathi ngaphakathi substeps	izitayela tetemibhalo	izimbongi Bright abalobi
Doliteraturny kwesikhathi
Kuze ekhulwini le-11 BC. e.	Legends, epics	ubuqambi elahlekile
Inkathi izincwadi esontweni-zenkolo
11-17 ekhulwini th	Ukusungulwa kwe-lokubhala I okukakhenoni imibhalo School Umlando. "I Lay Umkhankaso "	Izindela Kyrylo noMethodius Izindela futhi Antony Feodosy (Pecherska umfire) indela Nestor
Ukukhanyiselwa kwesikhathi
ngekhulu le-18	Ukuthuthukiswa izinkondlo futhi imfundiso izinkondlo Kumiswa idrama Russian Civic journalism	Lomonosov Trediakovskii, Cantemir Fonvizin Radishchev
Cela. Ngekhulu le-19 - 90. Ngekhulu le-19. Inkathi Yokuchuma izincwadi Russian
Trehstilevoe imisebenzi ebhaliwe (kufika ku-20-yalolucwaningo. 19 leminyaka th)	sentimentalism classicism romanticism	Karamzin Derzhavin Ryleev
Pushkin esiteji (20-30-yalolucwaningo. 19 leminyaka th) Ngemva kokufa Pushkin, Lermontov futhi Gogol baqhubeka	isitayela okusha - okwangempela Russian	isiRashiya ingashintshwa ukuze isigqi izinkondlo zakhe Le noveli "Eugene Onegin", "Belkin" "Hero Lwesikhathi Sethu", "Imiphefumulo Dead"
Inkathi zabuna Russian we 40s. ngekhulu le-19	Ukuthuthukisa izitayela ezikhona Kuba okwangempela ezinkulu Russian	UTolstoy, Dostoyevsky, laseChekhov, Tiutchev, Fet, Ostrovsky, Turgenev, Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin
Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi kwekhulu lama-20 (90 ngekhulu le-19 - engu-90 Ekhulwini lama-20)
Isiliva yobudala (oseneminyaka engu-90 ngekhulu le-19 - 1921)	izinkondlo Splash	Gumilev, Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Esenin
Inkathi izincwadi ezimbili Russian: eSoviet futhi emigre. 1921 (namajenali etemibhalo baba propartiynymi) - 1953 (kokufa kukaStalin)	Ephoqelekile akunika isimo elibusayo sezenhlalo okwangempela isitayela ezincwadini	Le noveli lokuqala okwangempela sezenhlalo - "Umama" Gorky
esifushane ncibilika, lwaludlula ngu yokujama tsi	Imizamo izimbongi futhi abalobi ukudala izitayela ezahlukene okwangempela sezenhlalo Igcina ukubusa okwangempela sezenhlalo	Izimbongi Yevtushenko, Ahmadullina, Christmas, Ascension, galich Ababhali: Pasternak, Rybakov, uSolzhenitsyn Astafjevs, SHukshin
New Russian nezincwadi zokufunda
engu-90 Ekhulwini lama-20 - namuhla	Thuthukisa ngokuvamile izitayela ezinjalo: romanticism (ngesimo zenganekwane, Thriller, horror), okwangempela (ukubhuloga, journalism, umphenyi yesimanje), postmodern (amanoveli esimanjemanje kakhulu)	Pelevin, Ulitskaja, Akunin, Lukyanenko, abanye

Injongo yalesi sihloko - incazelo emfushane ezigabeni umdlavuza wamaphaphu, eboniswe kuthebula.

izincwadi Russian zasendulo

• Doliteraturny esiteji, it libhekene ukungabi khona anolimi olubhalwayo ekumiseni yeqhawe setemlomo (epics legends, adluliselwa ngomlomo isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye). Yaphela kwenkathi kokusungulwa ngokubhala Russian ingxenye Old lapho kwemukelwa ubuKristu (wekhulu 10 BC. E.).
• izincwadi Russian Old (11-17 ekhulwini th). I izinhlobo eziyinhloko babe lwemilando, kanye imibhalo yenkolo elingcwele.

Funda kabanzi mayelana izincwadi zasendulo. lokusungula kokusa

Ukudalwa izincwadi Russian Old (DRL) njengoba enzeka kwamasiko wasiza izenzakalo ezimbili: kokusungulwa zibhalwe futhi Ukuhunyushwa kwemibhalo yenkolo yobuKristu (DRL ababenayo ekuqaleni uhlamvu ngokuqinile okukakhenoni). Ngamanye amazwi, izincwadi periodization IsiRashiya sinamagama umugqa wesikhathi eqale iphuzu.

Ukubhala yasungulwa izindela drevnegecheskimi - abafowethu uCyril noMethodius, ngesicelo the Moravian (esifundeni wamanje Czech Republic) Prince Rostislav nesibusiso Ngekhulu lesikhombisa uPapa Adrian II ekupheleni IX leminyaka. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo ulimi olusha ziye wahumushela amaHubo, iVangeli. Ngokusebenzisa zezindela zokuxhumana ekupheleni le IX lokubhala ekhulwini singene endaweni ka-ERussia yasendulo, lapho abalobi bokuqala baba izindela: Nestor, uHilarion, uPolycarp, noSimoni, uCyril Turovsky, avvakum nabanye. Periodization kwezincwadi Russian lasendulo zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezinhlanu:

1. Phakathi ukudalwa isikole we okukakhenoni Orthodox DRL ku Kyïv-Pechersk Lavra izindela Anthony futhi uTheodosius. Ukubhala indela Nestor ku XII leminyaka "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka".
2. Isigodlo (edolobheni laseVladimir-Zaleski, Suzdal, Smolensk nabanye.) Ingabe izikhungo ezintsha DRL. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthuthukiswa inqubo tetemibhalo.
3. Periodization kwezincwadi Russian lasendulo iqukethe isikhathi uhlobo oluthile lwakheke ngendlela enobudlova emphakathini: esigabeni ejokeni Tatar-amaMongol. Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu kukhona "Life ka-Aleksandru saseNevsky", "Tale of the Ingxenye yesakhiwo sasemandulo ayasala bezwe Russian." Ngo esigabeni sesibili, ophela impi ye Kulikovo e 1380, zemihla ngemihla ukuthola nobuqhawe uhlamvu laudatory.
4. DRL inkathi ukwehla, ozobakhona kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XVI. Zilimi zezindela sincane kantsi eminingi yezikhulu abanekhono izindela Phela, lo efanayo oqeqeshiwe.
5. Esigabeni yokugcina DRL esingakaphothulwa inguqulelo ezincwadini ngetemibhalo kumbhali lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. harakteizuet yakhe ukuvela izinhlobo ezintsha: zomlando, lelandzisako ngokuphila kwakhe, izinkondlo. Isihloko DRL kancani kancani baba sphere yasekhaya yizenzo zabantu, obuphathekayo isimiso somuntu siqu. Inkathi yezinguquko kaPetru mina, futhi sithinta inqubo tetemibhalo.

Yeka ukuthi luhlobo luni imisebenzi esingenantengo etemibhalo libhekene XRD ngesikhathi periodization esiteji kwezincwadi Russian? Ithebula elingezansi libonisa lezi izingoma systemically.

Izincwadi Empire Russian

Ithonya omuhle isimo inqubo tetemibhalo ikhombisa umlando of the Empire, Russian. Awukwazi phikisana ukuthi abalobi laphaya ngesisa. Nokho, kwakukhona zomphakathi kuleli zwe. Kube bunyenti ezithile imicabango yabantu. Lapho ochwepheshe kwakhiwa wekuba sive ukukhululwa emlandweni izincwadi:

• Russian Ukukhanyiselwa isikhathi. Kuyisinyathelo ngokuyinhloko ezibalulekile, ngokulandelana esehlanganise ngekhulu le-18. Esikhathini izincwadi, niche main hlala zabuna, ebeka isisekelo ekuthuthukiseni wayo.
• Sverhproduktivny ekhethekile "esiteji osemqoka", okuzokwenza umphelelisi periodization kwezincwadi Russian ekhulwini le-19. Yena ekugcineni in ngezwi eligcwele yazibiza, ngenkuthalo ezinomthelela izincwadi emhlabeni. Imisebenzi Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, laseChekhov waba zabuna ozithandayo futhi abafundi angaphandle.

XVIII leminyaka ku periodization kwezincwadi Russian

Isiteji Russian Ukukhanyiselwa ngokulandelana kwehlisa nokukhanyiselwa European, ithoni ebuzwa France.

Okokuqala Russian uMbusi uPetru mina uCatherine II systemically nokobana izincwadi zezwe European. abalobi Ikusasa yaqala ukuthola imfundo yaseyunivesithi. Isinqumo uPetru ngivula Academic University futhi Academy of Arts, esinqumweni uCatherine II - Moscow State University.

Usosayensi, imbongi kanye umbhali Lomonosov, imbongi Vasily Trediakovskii, sezilimi nomlobi Dmitry Kantemir lwaqala ekuqaleni othisha Russian. Russian silabotonicheskaya versification uhlelo yasungulwa. Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, ke yazibiza lisebukhazikhazini futhi engasenathonya ka Pushkin futhi Lermontov. Nokho, siyobe ngabo kamuva, lapho sizokhuluma periodization kwezincwadi Russian kwekhulu le-19.

Engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII yesibili. Amathrendi Russian kwezincwadi inqubo kunqunywa wemidlalo lokuqala Denis Fonvizin (kunzima ukubukela phansi ithonya "Nedorosl" yakhe kumiswa yezikhulu) futhi umbhali wokuqala - nezitha uhulumeni, okuyinto angase abizwe ngokuthi unembeza zabantu - Alexander Radishchev.

Ngisho eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini uCatherine II wayengazi ukuthi wayeyisazi umbhali sefilosofi, wambonisa indlela enika amaphuzu yobuhlungu Russian Empire, okumele ngilunge. Wabe wayeba njengompristi umlweli omkhulu serfdom, ebiza u-Alexander II imibono yakhe e "Uhambo kusuka Petersburg eMoscow", "pohlesche sihlubuki Pugachev".

Ngeshwa, ababusi ngokuvamile musa ukuzwa izwi Cassandra uThandeka ngemisebenzi zabuna!

Ukukhanyiselwa Russian esebeke isisekelo esihle sesikhathi okwengeziwe Take-off indalo. Ukuziqhenya for ezweni, aphule uNapoleon, umnqobi Europe, uyophinde lokuthuthukisa ngempumelelo bokusungula esizayo.

Isendlalelo kanye ukuzalwa okwangempela Russian kwekhulu XIX.

I periodization kwezincwadi Russian kwekhulu le-19 ibonisa inqubo yokuba zakudala entsha izincwadi emhlabeni. kanzima kangakanani ukubhala kafushane mayelana izincwadi Ngasekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka!

Eyokuqala amabili eminyaka izincwadi Russian ekhulwini golden ukuxhumana kanye umncintiswano izitayela ezahlukene.

Ngo isitayela umuzwa wasebenza mlando nomlobi UNikolai Karamzin. imbongi Classicist Gavriil Derzhavin wadala ODE ngokubabazekayo (isib, "Felitsa" - behlonipha uCatherine II), waba imisebenzi titular yasebukhosini.

Classicism futhi progosudastvennaya isikhundla sobuntu imbongi Vasiliya Zhukovskogo, umbhali wencwadi Russian ingoma yokuqala kazwelonke ( "Umthandazo Russian").

Ababulawa Decembrists futhi imbongi Kondraty Ryleev wabhala ngo isitayela romanticism civil.

Isigaba sesibili, okuyinto periodization nice izincwadi Russian kwekhulu le-19, angabizwa ngokuthi Pushkin. Ngempela, tudno overestimate umnikelo isiRashiya futhi Russian izinkondlo imilolotelo wizadi Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina. Amazwi akhe ngawe, dala "lesikhumbuzo ngokuyisimangaliso", wazibonakalisa ongokwesiprofetho.

ubuhlakani ezinsukwini zokudala lwalungamahora ukwahlukahlukana. Imbongi waqala ababhalayo isitayela zothando (le nkondlo "amaGypsy", "Umthombo Bakhchisarai"). Khona-ke, nangemva kwako Decembrists, emsebenzini wakhe namandla kakhulu kwaba sobala indlela zomlando nokuhlala classicism esingokwemvelo (inhlekelele "Boris Godunov" inkondlo "Poltava").

Khona-ke u-Alexander uyaphuma umsebenzi wakhe isitayela lonke entsha - okwangempela Russian. inoveli yakhe evesini "Eugene Onegin" futhi iqoqo temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba "Belkin" iqiniso isimo kwezenhlalo kwabantu, ukuphila nokwethenjelwa.

Isigaba sesithathu legolide izincwadi Russian kwekhulu le-19

Pushkin kwaba inhlansi ukuthi ovuthayo ilangabi. Kufana ukusabela chain. Esikhathini esizayo, okwangempela Russian ka Pushkin iye asathuthuka zabuna ezimbili: Lermontov futhi Gogol, kodwa ngamunye ngendlela yalo. Lermontov delves zibe ubuntu protagonist, indoda bahlushwe eziphikisanayo, izingxabano nezwe ngaphandle kuthe bengasifumani ukusetshenziswa ekuphileni yayo amandla. Gogol iyona "ububanzi", ezama ukwethula isithombe global zokuphila Russian.

Ngenxa yalokho, kakade isigaba saso lwesithathu, kuyisinengiso akumangalisi emhlabeni ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili lokusungula periodization kwezincwadi Russian kwekhulu le-19. Uhlu zabuna isiRashiya, owayesebenza esikhathini kusuka 1840 kuya ku-1990, siqukethe emhlabeni amagama abadumile.

Fyodor Tyutchev Afanasiy Fet Ivan Goncharov Alexander Ostrovsky Ivan Turgenev Fyodor Dostoevsky uLeo Tolstoy Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin UNikolai Nekrasov Anton laseChekhov

1803-1873 1820-1892 1812-1891 1823-1886 1818-1883 1821-1881 1828-1910 1826-1889 1821-1877 1860-1904

Zonke lezi zinkanyiso kwezincwadi Russian baqaphela indlela izinto esingenantengo zokudala ifa abazitholile kusukela ababengaphambi zabo. Futhi bakwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngendlela efanele. Ngiyavuma ukuthi lihlotshiswe amagama umxhwele ayisheshi futhi manje zabuna emhlabeni, periodization kwezincwadi Russian kwekhulu le-19. Leli thebula, siphawula eyayenziwe kungagcini abantu kwethu okuyishumi okuphezulu brilliant iningi labantu abangaboni bethola abadali iziqondiso wonke zokudala.

ekhulwini XX. periodization kwezincwadi

Isiliva Ubudala kwezincwadi Russian ibizwa ngokuthi esifushane: kusukela 1892 kuya 1921 It is zihlukaniswa a izinkondlo eqinile yokutakula, imilolotelo umlaza samanje abaculi. Uzenzela: Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Nikolay Gumilev, uVladimir Mayakovsky, Sergey Esenin. Lokho emenza ke? Revolutionary romanticism nakancane, othile owayesegule nge elite okudala umphakathi Russian?

nenkathi yamaSoviet kwezincwadi Russian libhekene ngeziqu zamehlo sekukhona emva canonically 1921 esisemthethweni "waseSoviet" okwangempela sezenhlalo kanye abaculi ngabanye abafaka imisebenzi yabo ukuya nangale. Ngandlela-thile, kunenkolelo ukuthi periodization kwezincwadi Russian of XX leminyaka, uthi kuphela ukwehla letindzala ka yikhona jikelele clichés ngemibono.

Kuyadabukisa ukuthi abahlaziyi bemibhalo abathi mbono, kubonakala iqiniso kuphela omnyama nomhlophe. Ngakho-ke ingabe kunjalo ngempela?

Ukuphikisana izincwadi kobushiqela

Yebo, lonke nenqwaba yezincwadi laseSoviet ohlehlela emuva. Yebo, lo msebenzi yethu ebandleni iyunithi. Nokho, izincwadi Namanje hhayi kufakwe crisis. ithonya Zombiruyut ka bangamakhomanisi akazange amlandele uBoris Pasternak, uya ngokumelene ukugeleza nokubhala ngolimi "unembeza kushunqe," iqiniso yesizukulwane sakhe, ngokuba inyumbazane ezweni lakubo. Wenze njalo befa UMikhail Bulgakov, lapho kumnyama noma kubomvu ke asishicilelwa ngentando Stalin, wabhala: "Nkosi noMargarita" etafuleni.

Futhi ngezinye izikhathi esibayeni nombhali kwesizathu futhi enamandla kwaholela uthando ezweni lakubo, musa ake siqambe amanga noma sigobe. Ngakho ngelinye ilanga kwenzeka ukuba lamaKhomanisi Mihailom Sholohovym, lapho ebhala yakhe "epholile Flows Don". Naphezu kokuhlaselwa futhi "izincomo eqinile", yena ayikashintshi ngaphansi Soviet isithombe ejwayelekile Gregory Melehova. Ngokuvamile wabhala abazalwane Strugatsky ethebuleni, omisebenzi yakhe futhi waba nedumela elibi sezenhlalo okwangempela lutho.

Nokho, kufanele siqaphele ukuthi periodization kwezincwadi isiRashiya, kuncike zezombusazwe nguMkhandlu ukuzibandakanya kwabantu bayo kuhunyushwa kuyadida ephawula le nkathi.

New Russian nezincwadi zokufunda

izincwadi okusha Russian wazalwa ngo-1991, ngemva kokuwa wase-USSR. Sacela ukuba uqale eneka imisebenzi, phakathi okuyinto "Gulag Archipelago" Aleksandra Solzhenitsyna futhi babe ukuxazululwa ekhaya imisebenzi zabantu abasuka: Vladimir Nabokov, Ivan Shmelev, Andrei Bely, uKonstantin Balmont.

Khona-ke, esikhathini yokwakha kabusha, igagasi elisha abalobi wethulwa izincwadi Russian: Victor Pelevin, ULyudmila Ulitskaya, uBoris Akunin, uSergei Lukyanenko. Lezi bezincwadi eziqanjiwe ephawula amakhono compositional zabuna, umbono esiyingqayizivele bokubeka izinkinga namuhla, ukwakhiwa ngobuciko kwesiqinti, i-eseyi lelandzisako othakazelisayo.

Ngokusobala, isimo ukuthuthukiswa kuba njalo inqubo zomlando namasiko, futhi periodization kwezincwadi Russian. Kwazi bani, mhlawumbe manje singabantwana ekuqaleni isikhathi, lapho izincwadi Russian waphinda engena izinga entsha. Iyodwa into esiqiniseka ngayo: izindlela ezintsha kuye, kanye ezintsha, akungabazeki, eziseza.

Ekhulwini XX - esibucayi izincwadi Russian

I periodization kwezincwadi Russian kwekhulu lama-20 kufaka lwaluyoba nezigaba ezintathu:

1. Isiliva Ubudala - isikhathi esifushane ekuqa- ekhulwini.
2. 20 th - 50s phakathi nekhulu lama-20.
3. Eyesibili kwesigamu 50s - 90s kwekhulu lama-20.

I Silver Ubudala waqala ngo-90s kwekhulu le-19. Ukudala izimbongi kabani yaqhakaza lesi sikhathi, bagcwala asabisayo we crisis wamavukelambuso. Okugcwele izinkondlo melancholy-Alexander Blok, Nikolaya Gumileva, Mariny Tsvetaevoy, Anny Ahmatovoy. Master yokukhuluma wobuciko isihawu elicwengiwe njengoba ekwindla izimbali, umbono bathandaze frost ...

Kusukela 1917, ngokukhula engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba emphakathini kuqala ushintsho esigabeni esilandelayo kwezincwadi Russian kwekhulu lama-20. Njengoba ibonisa le nqubo kumele lithathwe imigqa libhalwe Vladimira Mayakovskogo, ngubani gloomily ukubikezela "isikhathi sokugcina", "Bourget."

Ngo-1921, isigaba sokuqala iphelile. izincwadi Russian ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: abalobi ophilayo in Soviet Russia, kanye nosebenza nabo bathuthela. Okokuqala sazama zezwe lakudala "bawubhubhisa phansi", owesibili - ukuze alondoloze isiko. ngokuhlukana senzakalo kwakungumbusi ukushicilelwa etemibhalo omagazini propartiynyh "Phrinta kanye Revolution" futhi "Red Virgin Soil."

Ngo-1932, laba omagazini ngokwenama waphawula ukusungulwa isitayela entsha yobuciko of ngokoqobo sezenhlalo. abalobi Emigre ekuqaleni basishulwe nomqondo umsebenzi party, aqala ngalo ukwenza enovelini Gorky "Umama".

Phakathi Ngakho-ke, isikhathi sesibili labelwe Voloshin, N. Kluev, V. Khodasevich Rubtsov, N. Z. Phakathi abalobi - E. Zamyatin, Prishvin, iBabele, A. Green.

Ukufa I. V Stalina (1953) uphawula esiteji qualitatively entsha izincwadi. Buthaka lo diktat party. Abalobi abakulindele inkululeko wokudala. Kunalokho, Jikelele uNobhala Khrushchev umemezela ukushushiswa uBoris Pasternak ngoba inoveli yakhe "Doctor Zhivago" kaNobel. Bathutha izimbongi Soviet, abalobi (ezifana Iosif Brodsky). Imisebenzi kukhona abafundi ngokwethembeka ngokusebenzisa "samizdat".

Nokho, kule minyaka 60 maka "ncibilika" izimbongi abasha: ngokomzwelo Yevgeny Yevtushenko, lyrical Bella Akhmadulina, uthambekela ukusungula Andrei Voznesensky, ezidabukisayo zomphakathi-Robert Rozhdestvensky.

Futhi, kukhona ezijulile, temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba engachemile ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, ukunyakaza kwabo umphefumulo, abaphethwe ababhali abafana Vasily Shukshin, Yuri Kazakov, Valentin Rasputin. Alexander uSolzhenitsyn futhi Anatoly Rybakov ngokubhala amanoveli yeqhawe mayelana zikhathi ezibucayi sehlelo ubuntu. I dramaturgy play wabonakala, ukhanyisa umhlaba kwangaphakathi (ezifana "Duck Hunt" futhi "izibulo" we wemidlalo Aleksandra Vampilova).

isiphetho

izincwadi Russian uyakwazi ngempela ukuze bagqugquzele "beneme." ezingaba Its ongagcwali ezijulile. Kusukela solar nohlamvu zomculo Pushkin futhi Balmont nokubakhona ezijulile nabanengqondo futhi olungokomfanekiso yethu Virtual Pelevin leminyaka. Abathandi izinkondlo isihawu like lokusungula Akhmatova. It has a ukuhlakanipha esivela UTolstoy futhi Dostoyevsky filigree Psychology, lapho Freud yena wakhumula isigqoko sakhe. Ngisho phakathi abalobi nephrozi abalobi ukuhlangabezana yalabo abanhliziyo isitayela yokukhuluma wobuciko sifana izinkondlo. It Turgenev futhi Gogol. Fans of amahlaya ezicashile uzothola Ilf and Petrov. Ubani ukunambitha adrenaline kusukela lemimoya kuzovula iziza amanoveli Fridriha Neznanskogo. abathandi Fantasy ngeke udumazeke by izincwadi Vadim Panov.

Ezincwadini isiRashiya, umfundi ngamunye ungathola into azothinta umphefumulo wakhe. izincwadi omnandi, njengokudla abangane noma abantu abahambayo nabo. Bona sikwazi ukududuza, ukweluleka, ukujabulisa, ukwesekwa.