Abalobi Izingane omkhulu kwekhulu le-18, kanye nemisebenzi yabo

imisebenzi Wezingane hlala ebalulekile phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo eqanjiwe, ngoba ngezindlela eziningi ezibonisa izimfanelo isiko labantu, uhlelo lwayo yamanani. Kuwo wonke amasiko imiqondo okuhle nokubi, kokulungile nokungalungile, enhle futhi ugly, nje nangendlela engenabulungisa. Njengoba izingane Esikuncela amagugu ukuthi uhlale nathi for a lifetime. Ukubaluleka izincwadi zezingane, ngaleyo ndlela, akufanele ithathwe kancane.

Kufanele kuqashelwe isici sobuntu izincwadi zezingane - inhlanganisela nobuciko nezimfuneko Pedagogical. izincwadi ezinjalo kumele ukubungaza hhayi kuphela kodwa futhi nokuba ngifundise, ukuqondisa, eMpumalanga. abalobi Wezingane kwekhulu le-18 (nemisebenzi yabo, nakanjani) wazama ukudlulisela ezinganeni nolwazi ezibalulekile zomhlaba, ukugxilisa izimiso ezifanele.

Cabanga amazwe amabili - Britain neRussia -, futhi uyisibonelo semisebenzi yezingane wadala kula mazwe sibona ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso. Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi kwekhulu le-18, ababhali, kanye nemisebenzi yabo oluwanikeza ukunakwa kwakho.

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi British ngekhulu le-18 Wezingane

Ngamunye wethu incwadi ozithandayo kusuka ebuntwaneni inganekwane "ethi Alice in Wonderland", "The Kid kanye Karlsson phezu kophahla", "Matilda", "Thumbelina", "Gulliver Ukuhambela" futhi "eRobinson Crusoe" (uhlu Yiqiniso wonke umuntu siqu sakhe). Kodwa ake sithi sasingeke sikhule ekhulwini lama-21 e-Russia, futhi ngekhulu le-18 eNgilandi, ezingase thina bese ufunda?

Kusukela Kulolu hlu olungenhla, thina babeyohlala kuphela incwadi "eRobinson Crusoe" Danielya Defo (1719) kanye "Travels Gulliver sika" uJonathan Swift (1726) e inguqulo ngokukhethekile ezinganeni, ebhalwe ngolimi lula, kunothile izithombe.

Kodwa ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ngekhulu le-18 izingane ngesiNgisi mbibi ukufunda? Asivume.

Iqiniso lokuthi inganekwane baye ekhona, kanye nokuntuleka kubo akuzange kwenzeke. Ngisho nalapho kwakungasadingeki lulwimi lolubhalwako, ezidluliswayo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngesimo temdzabu. Kodwa ekhulwini 17-18, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa laqala ukusetshenziswa abalobi abaningi abaqeqeshiwe, ezinganeni ethile. Tales ngesikhathi, njengoba manje, umxhwele futhi bethukile izingane, ukudala imihlaba kumnandi ukuthi amuncwa izinkathazo zansuku zonke abadala musa njalo uyamukele.

Nazi nje ababhali izingane eziyisisekelo sika kwekhulu le-18, kanye nemisebenzi yabo.

"ERobinson Crusoe" Danielya Defo

Thina ubuyele England yekhulu le-18. Ngaleso sikhathi, uma mina bangase basho kanjalo, a "okuhamba phambili" yangempela kwaba umsebenzi Defoe. Encwadini "eRobinson Crusoe" bebabaza isibindi, ukuphikelela, ukukhalipha kwabantu, baphoqeleka ukuba bahlale izimo ezimbi kakhulu. Wajabulela ithandwa enkulu njengoba inganekwane uJonathan Swift, lapho kukhona isikhalo komlobi kokutholakala Ubukhulu ezintsha kanye khathizwe.

"Travels Gulliver sika" uJonathan Swift

Impumelelo "Travels Gulliver sika" kwaholela ngisho yokuthi yaqala ukubonakala nezinye izincwadi izingane, okuyinto ngokucacile ababekwazi ukufunda nesifiso sokulingisa izimfanelo lo mkhiqizo, ngamazwi athi "Gulliver" futhi "midget" amagama ezibangela inhlangano ethile. Esinye sezibonelo bokuqala - ozophuma ngalo magazini 1751 izingane 'Lilliput, "uMdali okwakukhona Dzhon Nyuberi, umlobi waseLondon. Esinye isibonelo - "Library Lilliputian noma Museum of Gulliver" imiqulu eziyishumi usayizi encane, eyanyatheliswa ngo-IDublin 1780s. Le ncwadi iye ngqo ezikhishwe izingane, futhi intengo yalo iphansi, ukuze izingane abakwaziyo ukuthenga ke. Imali ephelele yale amavolumu 10 kwaba shillings British emihlanu kuphela, futhi izingxenye ngabanye kungenziwa ngemali nozuka ngamunye. Nokho, ngisho le ntengo iphansana namanje likhulu kakhulu izingane eziningi nabazali babo. abameleli nemindeni losemkhatsini futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu kuphela ayenamandla okukwenza ukuthenga izincwadi futhi kwadingeka nokubhala ngokwanele ukusifunda.

nezinye izincwadi

izincwadi eshibhile uhlobo kwezincwadi ethandwa lase likhona kakade futhi ezazitholakala kancane abami tigaba. izindaba Lezi zingane kuhlanganisiwe, umlando, ukuthatha uhambo, ukucula, umthandazo, izindaba mayelana abaphangi, nababulali. Le miqulu zaziwupomu futhi ithengiswe ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa noma ezimbili amapeni.

Ngo-1712, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa yesiNgisi yezinganekwane abadumile Arabian "weziNkulungwane Omunye Nights."

Njengoba ubona, izincwadi zezingane wesikhathi ayenziwa eNgilandi. Futhi kwakuyini ensimini ka Russia? Funda mayelana kuwo.

izincwadi izingane Russian sika kwekhulu le-18

ERussia, lapho empeleni abalobi zezingane kwekhulu le-18, kanye nemisebenzi yabo (izincwadi zokuqala Russian ebhaliwe ngqo izingane sezisunguliwe endaweni isimo sethu ekhulwini le-17, ngekhulu le-18 baqhubeka leli siko).

Inkathi uPetru engalinika negalelo ekuthuthukiseni imfundo, ikakhulukazi kwezincwadi zezingane. Inkosi wakholwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukunakekela ukufundisa ngayo esizukulwaneni esisha. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izincwadi zezingane beshushiswa umgomo ikakhulukazi kwezemfundo. Wanyathelisa izincwadi, zamagama kwenziwa.

"Youth esibukweni ngokwethembeka"

Abalobi kwekhulu le-18 (Russian) uhlu izincwadi zezingane imfundo evulekile. I "Youth esibukweni ngokwethembeka" inganikelwa njengesibonelo. Lokhu poizvedenii wachaza imithetho yokuziphatha inkantolo, ongenile kwekuhlela kabusha yakhe kaPetru I. Le ncwadi wenziwa inkosi ngomyalo wakhe oseduze. Ehola abalobi abasebenza umkhiqizo, wema Gabriel Buzhinskiy. Incwadi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, babekwa materials isipelingi, alfabhethi, amazwi. Ayekusho "Youth esibukweni ngokwethembeka" elite esizayo, ukusekelwa yenkosi - izingane kamuva ababeyoba zayo. Encwadini, umcondvo lobalulekile wukuthi ukuba aphumelele kubaluleke kakhulu akuyona umsuka indoda futhi sinesisindo yakhe siqu, nakuba waba nokukhathazeka emoyeni ngesikhathi esifanayo isikhundla ekhethekile yezikhulu. Siveza futhi wagxeka imikhuba yakhe. Emantombazaneni ikhodi ekhethekile ka izimfanelo amabili yadalwa, phakathi lapho kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi uwusizo, ukuthula, zenkolo, kusho ukusebenza kanzima. Abalobi ohlwini kwekhulu le-18 (Russian) izimfanelo zesifazane ukudalula ngokomfanekiso, isibonelo, ukudala izinhlamvu zesifazane acacile ngemisebenzi yakhe.

izincwadi elihunyushwe

Esikhathini nesishiyagalombili leminyaka ukusabalala nezincwadi elihunyushwe, ezifana izinganekwane Aesop BakaJehova. Lezi izinganekwane, kulotshiwe 6th ekhulwini BC. e. esikweyoku Aesop, wamukela kahle izingane ukuba zibe nekhono lokuzivumelanisa avela ngesimo izinhlamvu - izilwane, izinyoni, izihlahla, izimbali ... Izinganekwane Aesop sika vumela bayazidlalela nokudlala ukuba banqobe imikhuba yabo emibi nokuthuthukisa ukucabanga associative.

Ngemva 50-yalolucwaningo ziqala ukuvela abalobi izingane langempela sika kwekhulu le-18, kanye nemisebenzi yabo. Nokho kwenqwaba izincwadi zezingane lathathwa West (ikakhulukazi France). Kufanele kuqashelwe, yebo, lo odumile Umxoxi French Sharlya Perro yekhulu le-17. Fairy wakhe tale "Cinderella," "i-Sleeping Beauty," "Little Red Riding Hood," "Bluebeard" yaziwa futhi abathandwa izingane emhlabeni wonke. abafundi kuphela kodwa futhi izimbongi futhi abalobi bekhulu le-18 babephefumulelwe misebenzi.

Abalobi kwekhulu le-18

Uhlu kuvula Feofan Prokopovich. Lo mlobi utlole izincwadi ezimbili izingane - ". Imfundiso yokuqala yezinsizwa" "Umlando Russian Brief" futhi Esanduleleni sencwadi ethi kowesibili, washo ukuthi eseyingane - isikhathi kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni awo wonke umuntu, njengoba kwakunjalo ngaleso sikhathi, i-basic nezimfanelo ezakhayo futhi imikhuba. Izingane kufanele ufunde izincwadi futhi ubathande.

uCatherine II

abalobi professional Akukhona nje futhi izimbongi kwekhulu le-18 wadala incwadi yezingane. Ngisho noMengameli kubhekwe kuyisibopho kuwo yalela intsha yabo. Lesi sibonelo sikhombisa lo uCatherine II. Kuye kwakha inombolo enkulu imisebenzi, phakathi okwakukhona izincwadi zezingane, ezifana "I Tale of Tsarevich Chlorine" nesithi "Tale of Tsarevich Fivee". Yiqiniso, ngoba babekude kakhulu kusukela ezimnandi Fairy ngomqondo wesimanje bezwi, elinezinhlamvu zayo ezicacile namaqhawe. Le misebenzi kuphela ukuboniswa ayeke imikhuba emibi nokuphila izimfanelo ngokuvamile abstract. Nokho, isibonelo uCatherine II Zasithelela, futhi kamuva elandelwa abalobi abaningi abadumile Russian kwekhulu le-18, ukudala imisebenzi ngokuqondile izingane.

Nikolay Ivanovich novikov

Ifaka isandla esibalulekile elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo zezingane futhi ukwenze Nikolay Ivanovich novikov. He is umshicileli bakamagazini sezingane sokuqala - ". Ukufunda Wezingane ngoba enhliziyweni nasengqondweni" It wanyathelisa izinhlobo ezahlukene. Tales, tindzaba letimfisha, kudlala, amahlaya, njll Hhayi eqanjiwe kuphela seyenziwe kule magazini. It kunezikhangiso zale ncwadi ezazifakwe futhi izihloko izingane lenemaciniso sika etshela abafundi abasha mayelana nemvelo, izwe, emazweni ahlukene futhi amadolobha, nabantu babo. Lezi zihloko zalotshelwa ngokomfanekiso, kuyathakazelisa ngesimo ingxoxo. Novikov emibhalweni yakhe washumayela imibono emihle nobuntu, sitfunti sebuntfu, okuyinto, ngokombono wakhe, kufanele kube kusukela esemncane ukuba bagome izingane. Umagazini yimpumelelo futhi lithandwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. abalobi ezidumile kwekhulu le-18 ishicilelwe kule edition.

Nikolay Mihalovich Karamzin

Kuyadingeka ukuba ukusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana Nikolae Mihayloviche Karamzine. Lokhu umbhali uye wadala futhi elihunyushwe imikhiqizo ezingaphezu kuka-30 ahlukene izingane. Njengoba kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu sentimentalism (okuyinto kulandele abalobi abaningi Russian kwekhulu le-18), seduze kangaka ngokwemvelo yezingane, wayelithanda ikakhulukazi phakathi abasha abafundi asebeqinile nasebekhulile kunalokho. Ngo 1789, imisebenzi yokuqala Karamzin yashicilelwa ephephabhukwini "Ukufunda Wezingane ngokuba inhliziyo nengqondo." UNikolai Mikhailovich wabhala izingane nangemva sokuvalwa magazini. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule yekhulu le-18 edala imisebenzi efana "inkosazana enhle", "Hundred Acre Izinkuni" futhi "Muromets Ilya". The tale zokugcina kubonakala epics Russian. Lo msebenzi awukapheli. Ilya Muromets, adalwe ngepeni lombhali, wayengenaso nhlobo ngilichawe evamile oludumile, njengoba ngokuvamile zimelela, futhi ngokwengxenye nje safana yokugcina. The tale alimchazi belwa izitha yeRussia, ivula umphefumulo lyrical we Ili Muromtsa nenhlanganyelo othandekayo wakhe. Ngo umoya isihawu Karamzin ngokuningiliziwe ukuboniswa imizwa abalingiswa, ukudala bha.

isiphetho

Ngakho, ekhulwini le-18 ilethe izinto ezintsha ezincwadini zezingane kokubili phesheya futhi ezweni lethu. Izincwadi zezingane ngenkuthalo baqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa yayo le-19 nelama-ke ekhulwini lama-20. Futhi kusobala kukhona inqubekela phambili ekuthuthukisweni yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izindaba ezimnandi Sharlya Perro asetshenziswe embodiments ahlukahlukene ngemuva kwalokhu Andersen, Pushkina, Grimm bazalwane, Irving. Okungukuthi, izisusa ezithile Kunezindaba ukumila kwenye indawo. Imisebenzi abalobi Russian kwekhulu le-18 futhi ufunda e-19 futhi kamuva. Ukuze izincwadi zezingane kwekhulu le-19 libhekene uxhumano enkulu nakakhulu nge eqanjiwe abadala, kanye nemfundo nempucuko jikelele.