Lokungeniswa futhi ebanjwayo: aspect zomlando

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVI ifilosofi European kwakhiwa zonke izimfanelo for the kwathatha izikhundla zawo lajulile ukuze uhlangabezane zokuhlola indlela cognition zomhlaba. Phakathi ongqondongqondo owaqala baqala khona ukukhuthaza umbono wesayensi zokuhlola babe esiyiNgisi uFrancis Bacon futhi Descartes.

Izimiso yolwazi yesayensi, ziye walungisiswa lezi ososayensi, ukudala cishe orientation entsha zefilosofi methodological. It kakhulu kuyalinqoba ukulinganiselwa-Aristotle ezwakalayo Organon futhi medieval scholasticism, okuyinto alimazanga isipiliyoni njengoba umthombo wolwazi engokoqobo.

Ngokusho Bacon, ukuze njalo futhi ngempela ukuhlola umhlaba bemvelo, kumele kusetshenziswe indlela lokungeniswa futhi ebanjwayo. Njengengxenye indlela exhasa kuyadingeka, ngokombono wakhe, landela kusukela ngokukhethekile jikelele, kusukela amaqiniso ethile iphokophele isiphetho jikelele ukuthi Bacon awunika igama - the axioms isilinganiso. Lokhu kuzonika ithuba ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi zinembile futhi ukungaguquguquki e le nqubo ephawulekayo, kusukela Bacon wabona ingozi enkulu e aphuma izenzakalo ngazinye bhalisiwe e ukwazi amaqiniso ngokushesha ngokuvamile. Le ndlela yokwenza kucatshangwa ukunyakaza awuzange kuqhathaniswa imodeli deductive yokucabanga syllogistic, futhi kakhulu kulekelelwa ngokuphumelelayo. Ngo lokungeniswa esifushane futhi ebanjwayo abangu organically zenziwe ithuluzi elilodwa methodological. Le ndlela kakhulu enwetshiwe isicelo umngcele ngayinye izingxenye indlela exhasa-deductive wasebenzisa ngokuzimela.

Bacon wagomela ngokuthi kukhona ephelele futhi akuphelele lokungeniswa, ukususa, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngempela icaciswe amathuba abo methodological nendawo ohlelweni jikelele kwezinsiza lolwazi isayensi wesimanje. Oluphakeme kakhulu le ndlela kubhekwa weqiniso sazi lokungeniswa, kwaba esona, ukwamukelwa Bacon sika, kungaholela umuntu hhayi kuphela eziphethweni okuthembekile, kodwa futhi eziphethweni entsha ngokuphelele. it is Njengoba yokuqinisekisa futhi watusa iphendukele enye indlela - experiment, esebenza njengesikhali inkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke maqondana mqondo ukuze abonakale.

Njengoba wazi, namuhla kwencazelo lokungeniswa is washayelwa ngokucacile ngokwanele - lokhu inqubo ukugibela e-agumenti yezahlulelo abaningi abazimele ukuba kuvame ziphetho iyunithi. Imali ebanjwayo kuhilela amagoli ukunyakaza ngakolunye uhlangothi - kusukela iziphetho generalized ukuba angawodwana okuyizinto esemthethweni yazo zonke izinto ezihlanganisa isede enikelweko.

Uma sicabangela isigaba lokungeniswa futhi ebanjwayo esimeningcondvo ukuthuthukiswa sabo emlandweni, isithombe iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho.

Endulo kanye eNkathini Ephakathi, izazi isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ebanjwayo, impumelelo enkulu futhi ukuma okwakukhona syllogistic Aristotle ezwakalayo. Njengoba sekushiwo, umbono lapha iqondiswa kusukela axioms ekwahlulelweni yangasese. Ukuze ukwazi imithetho yemvelo ukusetshenziswa indlela okunjalo akukhona ngempumelelo ngoba le ndlela akazange athembele kokuhlangenwe nakho. Ngokwakha isipiliyoni can kuphela lokungeniswa, okubandakanya ekutadisheni ezinyakazayo amaqiniso ngabanye, okuyizinto amenable ukuba yokuqinisekisa zokuhlola, imithetho jikelele. Ngokuthakazelisayo, lokungeniswa kuchazwa Aristotle yena, Nokho, ngesikhathi sakhe akazange akhokhe wakhe iyiphi ukubaluleka yesayensi ezingokoqobo. Kodwa ngikubheka njengokulungile yithuluzi elinamandla methodological kwaba esiyiNgisi uFrancis Bacon futhi Descartes bahlakulele izimiso esiwusizo ngesisekelo yokuqinisekisa yokulinga amaqiniso. Lezi ososayensi baye babonisa ukuthi lokungeniswa futhi ebanjwayo ongenza ngokwazi imisebenzi jikelele.

Lokungeniswa, osebenza njengokuvimbelayo ukucabanga esisemthethweni okunengqondo, kabanzi kakhulu elisetshenziswa nqubo ephawulekayo. exhasa logic algorithm simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: uzingela izakhiwo ezifanayo kwezinto ekilasini efanayo, isihloko engazi lizokwenza isiphetho ngabanakekela kuyo yonke izifundo akha isigaba. Ngalesi umcabango ukuthunyelwa algorithm, kwatholakala umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele, nisekeliwe amaphethini asemkhathini ingcindezi ukuncika nezinye ubudlelwano enokwehla ezikhona ubunjalo abonakalayo.

Imali ebanjwayo, okubonisa ukunyakaza umcabango kusukela jikelele womuntu ngamunye, wadlala indima olungapheli ukuthuthukiswa isayensi theory at the stage of Ekuthathweni imicabango nemibono. Kulokhu kuba ukuqala kumiswa entsha ulwazi uhlelo.

Ngo wesimanje yesayensi indlela lokungeniswa futhi ebanjwayo nihlanganyele okuningi ngendlela efanayo njengoba, isib, zamagama kanye nokuhlaziywa, kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo idinga ukukhetha efanele kuyinto esifundeni lapho isikhundla ngayinye yezindlela sibathelela umphumela omkhulu kunayo yonke.