Kuyini carbon monoxide? ukwakheka kwama-molecule

carbon monoxide, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-carbon monoxide, has a ukwakheka kwama-molecule enamandla kakhulu, kuba inert sezindawo chemical futhi kabi oncibilikayo emanzini. Le ngxube futhi enobuthi kakhulu lapho ededelwa ohlelweni zokuphefumula ixhunywe hemoglobin egazini, nokuthi iyeke ukudluliswa umoya-mpilo ezicutshini eziyishumi nemitshingo.

igama Chemical kanye ifomula

I-carbon monoxide nayo aziwa ngamanye amagama, kuhlanganise i-carbon monoxide II. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-carbon monoxide. Lokhu monoxide carbon yigesi ezinesihlungu, kungekho nto enemibala emihle futhi kunganambitheki, ayinaphunga. ifomula wayo chemical - CO, kanye nenqwaba molecule elilodwa kuyinto 28,01 g / Mol.

Imiphumela emzimbeni

I-carbon monoxide sibopha ukuthi i-hemoglobin ukwakha carboxyhemoglobin engasekelwa-mpilo ethwele amandla. Inhalation of umusi kubangela CNS umonakalo (sezinzwa uhlelo), futhi umoya. Ukungabi okuholela umoya-mpilo kubangela ikhanda, isiyezi, kwehle kwenhliziyo Izinga lokuphefumula, okwaholela ekufeni kobuthongo okwalandela umzimba.

igesi enobuthi

I-carbon monoxide kuveza amandla omlilo olungaphelele izinto equkethe carbon, ezifana e yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini. Egcekeni 1 kufaka athomu carbon covalently nakanjani eyodwa yomoya-mpilo-athomu. I-carbon monoxide nobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu, futhi ingenye yezimbangela ezivame kakhulu ubuthi ebulalayo emhlabeni wonke. Exposure kungaholela umonakalo inhliziyo nezinye izitho.

Kuyini ukusetshenziswa i-carbon monoxide?

Naphezu ubuthi bayo sina, i-carbon monoxide kuyasiza kakhulu - ngenxa yobuchwepheshe ngakho ukwakha lahlukene imikhiqizo esibalulekile. I-carbon monoxide nakuba namuhla kuthathwa njengesibikezelo esiyiso contaminant njalo ekhona nemvelo, kodwa hhayi ngemali ezifana, isibonelo, i-carbon dioxide.

Iphutha are labo kholwa ukuthi alukho uxhumano carbon monoxide ngokwemvelo. CO ziyoncibilika ku oncibilikisiwe idwala wentaba-mlilo ngo-izingcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu ngesembatho emhlabeni. Okuqukethwe carbon oxides e amagesi ezintaba-mlilo kuhluka esingaphansi 0.01% 2%, kuncike intabamlilo. Njengoba zemvelo lokhu kwakwakhe akulona inani njalo, ukukala ngokunembile yemvelo amagesi akunakwenzeka.

chemical izakhiwo

I-carbon monoxide (CO ifomula) ohlobene nesoleobrazuyuschim noma oxides ngabandayo. Nokho, ezingeni lokushisa +200 ^o C ke ihlangana sodium hydroxide. Ngalesi inqubo kumakhemikhali kumiswa sodium formate:

NaOH + CO = HCOONa (formic acid usawoti).

Izakhiwo i-carbon monoxide esekelwe nokuqinisela yayo. I-Carbon monoxide:

• kungenziwa wasithukuthelela-mpilo: 2CO + O ₂ = 2CO _2;
• uyakwazi ukusabela nge halogens: CO + Cl ₂ = COCl ₂ (phosgene);
• It has impahla eliyingqayizivele ukuze siphinde sithole izinsimbi okumsulwa kusukela oxides yabo: Fe ₂ O ₃ + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO _2;
• ukwakha isizinda carbonyls: Fe + 5CO = Fe (CO ) _5;
• ngokuphelele oncibilikayo chloroform, acetic acid, i-ethanol, benzene futhi ammonium hydroxide.

Isakhiwo engqamuzaneni

ama-athomu amabili okuyilokho, eqinisweni, kuyinto molecule-carbon monoxide (CO), xhumanisa isibopho kathathu. Ababili babo akhiwa ukuhlanganisa p-electron ukuzulazula kwama-athomu carbon nomoya-mpilo, kanti eyesithathu - sibonga indlela ekhethekile ngenxa khulula carbon 2P ngazimbili esemkhathini kanye 2P-electron-mpilo. Lesi sakhiwo ihlinzeka molecule amandla aphezulu.

Umlando omncane

Aristotle yaseGrisi yasendulo echazwe intuthu anobuthi ezivezwa evutha amalahle. kakhulu Mshini sokufa kwakhe ayaziwa. Nokho, eyodwa yezindlela isijeziso lasendulo yayingesinye uvala nomthetho egumbini umusi, lapho Amalahle babe. Udokotela ngesiGreki uGalen wasikisela ukuba emoyeni zikhona izinguquko ezithile ezibangela umonakalo uma imuncwe.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ingxube igesi nge ukungcola we-carbon monoxide, lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela yokubasela izimoto kulezo izingxenye zomhlaba, lapho kwakukhona khona okulinganiselwe uphethiloli kanye diesel. zangaphandle (ezinye ngaphandle) ugesi ngamalahle noma ukhuni igesi sezisunguliwe, kodwa inhlanganisela nitrogen esemkhathini, i-carbon monoxide, futhi nengcosana nezinye amagesi yanikezwa mixer igesi. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-okuthiwa ukhuni igesi.

I namachibi we-carbon monoxide

I-carbon monoxide akhiqizwa namachibi olungaphelele compounds carbonaceous. kwakhiwa CO is lapho umoya-mpilo owanele ukukhiqiza carbon dioxide (CO _2), isibonelo, phakathi ukusebenza somlilo noma yangaphakathi omlilo engine isikhala afakiwe. Uma umoya-mpilo likhona, kanye namanye lokuhlushwa asemkhathini carbon monoxide ukusha, imbuthuma ilambu elikuhlaza, ukwakha carbon dioxide, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide kabanzi kuze 1960 kwekhulu elidlule ngoba ingaphakathi ukukhanyisa izindawo, bapheke futhi bafudumale, ayenabo ingxenye fuel njengoba isakhi kuqala. Ezinye izinqubo ubuchwepheshe sesimanjemanje njenge sokuncibilikisa insimbi namanje ukukhiqiza i-carbon monoxide njengoba ovela eceleni. Uxhumano ngokwayo CO is oxidized ukuba CO ₂ emazingeni okushisa okuvamile.

Ingabe ikhona CO emvelweni?

Kungakhathaliseki kukhona i-carbon monoxide emvelweni? Omunye umsuka imithombo yakhe yemvelo ukusabela photochemical ku iThrojani efaka isimeli seseva. Lezi zinqubo kucatshangwa bakwazi ukukhiqiza cishe 5 × ¹⁰ kg ejenti Disemba e; oday. Phakathi kweminye imithombo, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, abangewona izintabamlilo ukusha kwamahlathi nezinye izinhlobo amandla omlilo.

izakhiwo yamangqamuzana

I-carbon monoxide inobungako izinyo lomhlathi of 28.0, okwenza kube kancane kancane obukhulu kuka emoyeni. Bond obuphelele phakathi athomu amabili - 112,8 micrometer. Kuyinto eduze ngokwanele ukunikeza kwezinkulumo ezinamandla kakhulu amakhemikhali izibopho. Bobabili izakhi ngokuhlanganyela CO babe electron angu-10 e-igobolondo Valence elilodwa.

Njengoba umthetho, carbonyl organic kuhlanganisa kukhona isibopho double. Isici nobuntu engqamuzaneni CO yilokhu kwenzeka phakathi ama-athomu eqinile isibopho kathathu electron wabelane nge 6 3 ezihambisana orbitals yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba ezine electron wabelane angasuselwa athomu-oksijini 2 kuphela kusuka carbon, omunye elalihlala ezihambisana electron ezimbili esemkhathini O _2, ukwakha dipole noma isibopho umenziwa ongaqondene ngqo nomlandi. Lokhu kubangela C ← O nokwehlukana molecule nge inkokhelo encane "-" ku-carbon futhi inkokhelo encane "+" ku-oxygen.

Asele orbitals ezimbili ezihambisana kuhlala nezinhlayiya icala carbon futhi eyodwa yomoya-mpilo. I-molecule quin:-mpilo has a electron kwabantu mkhulu kunezinhliziyo carbon futhi libuye kancane kahle icala, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-carbon ezimbi.

reception

Ngo umkhakha, ukuthola i-carbon monoxide CO ke Kwenziwa amalahle carbon dioxide ngaphandle ukufinyelela emoyeni noma amanzi umusi kanye amalahle:

CO ₂ + C = 2CO;

H ₂ O + C = CO + H _2.

Lesi sakamuva ubizwa nangokuthi ingxube okuholela kwaba umusi noma zamagama igesi. Ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri, i-carbon monoxide II by bazithobisa organic acid bagxila sulfuric acid, okuyinto ethatha njengoba ejenti dehydrating:

HCOOH = CO + H ₂ O;

H ₂ C ₂ O ₄ = CO ₂ + H ₂ O.

Izimpawu main nosizo nge CO ubuthi

Ingabe i-carbon monoxide poisoning? Yebo, futhi enamandla kakhulu. I-carbon monoxide poisoning iyona Kuyaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

• umuzwa ngenxa yobuthakathaka;
• isicanucanu;
• isiyezi;
• ukukhathala;
• ukucasuka;
• imnyama;
• ikhanda;
• disorientation;
• angaboni kahle;
• ukuhlanza;
• yokufikelwa;
• Ukudlikizela.

Ukuchayeka kule igesi enobuthi kungabangela umonakalo ebalulekile, okungase kuholele eside kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu ezingalapheki sokugembula. I-carbon monoxide abangela umonakalo omkhulu umbungu nokuthumba owesifazane owayezithwele. Izisulu, isibonelo, ngemva komlilo, kufanele uhlinzeke ngosizo ngokushesha. esiphuthumayo ukubiza i-ambulensi, ukunikeza ukufinyelela umoya ohlanzekile, izingubo ezihlanzekile okwakwenza ukuphefumula, athobe, efudumele. ubuthi Sinzima uvamise ukwelashwa kuphela ngaphansi kweso lodokotela esibhedlela.

isicelo

I-carbon monoxide, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, kuyinto enobuthi futhi iyingozi, kodwa ingenye compounds eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziswa umkhakha yesimanje zamagama organic. CO isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinsimbi okumsulwa, carbonyls, phosgene, carbon sulfide, methyl utshwala, formamide, elimnandi aldehydes, formic acid. Le into liyasetshenziswa njengoba nophethiloli. Naphezu ubuthi bayo kanye ubuthi, it is ukucindezelwa kwakuvame ukusetshenziswa njengezaba impahla eluhlaza ngokukhiqiza izinto ezihlukahlukene embonini zamakhemikhali.

I-carbon monoxide nesikhutha: uyini umehluko?

Monoxide ne-carbon dioxide (CO CO ₂₎ ngokuvamile Niyaphaphalaza ngomunye nomunye. Bobabili amagesi kukhona ayinaphunga, kungekho nto enemibala emihle, futhi bobabili babe nomthelela ongemuhle yisimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Bobabili amagesi Ungangenela emzimbeni lapho ephefumula, isikhumba kanye neso. Lezi zinto zehlela lapho zihlatshwa eziphilayo ukwabelana eziningi izimpawu - ikhanda, isiyezi, Ukudlikizela futhi babone izinto ezingekho. Abantu abaningi neze umehluko futhi abaqapheli ukuthi intuthu imoto qeda sasikhipha njengoba CO, CO _2. Ngaphakathi ukwanda lokuhlushwa lezi amagesi kungaba yingozi empilweni yomuntu nokuphepha, kuncike ethonyeni lawo. Uyini umehluko?

Ngezinye lokuhlala eliphezulu kokubili kungaba yingozi. Umehluko itholakala ukuthi CO ₂ yigesi ezivamile zemvelo, kudingeka kubo bonke kanye nezitshalo nezilwane ezinhlobonhlobo. CO akuyona kuyinsakavukela. Lokhu leyavela umoya-mpilo-free amandla omlilo. I ezibucayi chemical umehluko ukuthi CO ₂ has eyodwa carbon athomu kanye athomu amabili-mpilo, kanti kuphela co ngayinye ngayinye. Carbon dioxide akunakudluliswa oluvuthayo, kuyilapho monoxide kungenzeka ukubamba umlilo.

Carbon dioxide abakuhlakulelayo ezitholakala emkhathini, abantu nezilwane uphefumule umoya-mpilo futhi ngamakhala carbon dioxide, isb nezidalwa kungaba ukumelana esincane. Lokhu igesi ludingeka photosynthesis yizimila. Nokho, i-carbon monoxide akuzenzakaleli ngokwemvelo emkhathini, futhi kungabangela izinkinga zempilo ngisho at lokuhlala aphansi. Bobabili ukuminyana igesi ubuye ezahlukene. Carbon dioxide kusinda futhi obukhulu okungaphezu komoya, kuyilapho i-carbon monoxide kube lula. Lokhu engavamile is kunakwe ekwabeni izinzwa ezifanele emakhaya.