Isakhiwo nemisebenzi lwamathambo omuntu. Isakhiwo skeleton

isithombe Skeleton ozokwethulwa kamuva, kuyinto aggregate ithambo amaseli umzimba. Igama elisuka ngesiGreki. Enguqulweni, igama elithi kusho "omisiwe". Uhlaka lwamathambo ubhekwa ingxenye yokwenziwa of the system zemisipha. Kutfutfukisa kusukela mesenchyme. Okulandelayo, thatha eduze ukubukeka skeleton: ukwakheka kwazo, imisebenzi nokunye ..

izici ngokocansi

Ngaphambi sikhuluma ngalokho imisebenzi eyenziwa skeleton, kufanele kuphawulwe eziningi izici zayo lokhu ingxenye yomzimba. Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile izici isakhi ubulili ezithile. Sekukonke kukhona 206 amathambo ezakha skeleton (isithombe sikhombisa zonke izakhi). Cishe bonke ezihlanganiswe esisodwa esebenzisa amalunga omzimba, nemisipha nezinye amalunga omzimba. Isakhiwo wonke skeleton zamadoda nabesifazane ngendlela efanayo. umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwabo azitholakali. Nokho, umehluko zitholakala kuphela amafomu kuyiwa noma osayizi izakhi ngabanye kanye izinhlelo eziyenzayo. Umehluko osobala, esesikhundleni isakhiwo amathambo endoda abesilisa nabesifazane, zihlanganisa, isibonelo, ukuthi amathambo iminwe futhi emikhawulweni ekuqaleni Esithé futhi mkhulu, ukuze in the sakamuva. Ngakho tuberosity (ukulungisa izingxenye imisipha Imicu yotshani) kuvetwa, ithambekele namandla kwabesilisa. Abesifazane babe ukhalo ebanzi nasesifubeni kakade. Ngokuphathelene umehluko ngobulili ugebhezi, kunjalo futhi bedelelekile. Kule ndaba, ochwepheshe ngokuvamile kungaba nzima ukuthi ngubani ongumnikazi ke: owesifazane noma indoda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amashiya yokugcina futhi bulging protuberance namandla iso enethiwekhi maningi ukubaluleka sinuses uzwakalise kangcono. Ngo skull ithambo izakhi amadoda kancane mkhulu kunokhalo sowesifazane. Anteroposterior (longitudinal) kanye nemingcele mpo zalesi ingxenye skeleton ezingabantu ngaphezulu. Abesifazane skull Umthamo mayelana 1300 cm ^3. In amadoda, lesi sibalo futhi ngaphezulu - 1450 cm ^3. Lo mehluko wenza kungenxa Ubukhulu ezincane isiyonke umzimba female.

ihhovisi eliyinhloko

Uhlaka lwamathambo ukuhlukanisa esishintshashintshayo ezimbili. Ikakhulukazi, iqukethe Amahhovisi truncal futhi ikhanda. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, kuhlanganisa ingxenye ebusweni kanye palsy. Brain ingxenye yakhiwa ezimbili yesikhashana, parietal 2, frontal, occipital futhi kancane amathambo ethmoid. Kuyinto ekhona kule ndawo ebusweni engenhla emhlathini (umusi) kanye ephansi. Lezi imithombo kukhona fixed amazinyo.

emgogodleni

Kulo mnyango ukuhlukanisa coccygeal (4-5 PC.), Sacral (5), lumbar (5), webele (12) nentamo (7) izingxenye. arc vertebral yakha umsele umgogodla. Ngokwakhe ezine ukugoba isigxobo. Lokhu kunika amandla ukusebenzisa uhlelo umsebenzi ongaqondile lwamathambo elihlobene ne bipedalism. Kutholwe phakathi amathambo ipuleti nokunwebeka. Isiza ekuthuthukiseni unenkululeko sokukhubazeka komgogodla. Ukufika kombuso okuthunyelwe egoba okubangelwa isidingo ukukwehlisela uthuthumele ngesikhathi ukunyakaza: egijima, ukuhamba, bagxume. Ngalesi the umgogodla nentambo yangaphakathi izitho bangaveziwe abangele ukulimala ebuchosheni. Ngaphakathi umgogodla canal iphelela. Uzungeze emgogodleni.

thorax

It yakhiwa sternum, 12 yesibili izingxenye emgogodleni futhi ubambo 12 ngazimbili. Eyokuqala 10 babo exhunywe kwi-uqwanga sternum, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi akudingeki emalungeni nalo. Ngenxa yezinyoni ubambo kungenzeka ukwenza umsebenzi ayisivikelo skeleton. Ikakhulu, iqinisekisa ukuphepha izinhliziyo nemizimba ka bronchopulmonary futhi ingxenye isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene. Ngemuva amapuleti ubambo kukhona ukuhambisana ezithathekayo nge amathambo, ngaphambili (ngaphandle engezansi amabhangqa amabili) uxhumeke kwi-sternum ngu uqwanga nezimo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-thorax kungase Taper noma ukwandisa phakathi kwezimila.

nemilenze engenhla

Kulesi ingxenye humeri samanje, ingalo elingenhla (ulnar elementi osabalalayo), isihlakala, metacarpal izingxenye futhi umunwe phalanges ezinhlanu. Ngokuvamile, izandla skeleton kukhona umnyango ezintathu. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa uhlangothi, ibhodi lemisindo kanye ehlombe. Kumiswa mithandazo lamathambo eside. I ibhulashi ixhunywe ibhodi lemisindo futhi esihlakaleni inezigaba encane metacarpus obumba entendeni nokuthinta inhliziyo iminwe nezimo. Ifaka nasemilenzeni engenhla liye emzimbeni eyalo clavicle futhi vanes. Bakha kwebhande ehlombe.

emikhawulweni aphansi

Kule ngxenye lwamathambo isehlane 2 amathambo okhalo. Ngamunye wabo uhlanganisa tho nomunye sciatic, pubic futhi iliac izakhi. Futhi, ibhande wemikhawulo aphansi zihlanganisa hip. Kumiswa It is elihambisana (okufanayo igama) ithambo. Lo msuka ubhekwa esikhulu kunazo zonke bonke lwamathambo. Futhi, ngesikhathi shin unyawo secrete. Isakhiwo umnyango kuhlanganisa shin amathambo amabili - ezikulu nezincani. Hung aphansi emkhawulweni unyawo. Siqukethe amathambo eziningana, enkulu kunazo zonke zazo ubhekwa isithende. Kwalapho nendikimba eyalo izakhi okhalo. Kubantu, lawa mathambo ayindlu usinde ebanzi kuka isilwane. Njengoba elihlangana izakhi aphume ashone esitho amalunga omzimba.

izinhlobo amalunga omzimba

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela. Amathambo kungenziwa exhunywe ephathekayo, lulwimi ezihambayo noma umile. I ukuhambisana yohlobo yokugcina esivamile kuzinto cranial (ngaphandle le mandible). imiphetho Semi-ezihambayo uxhumeke kwi-sternum kanye amathambo. Njengoba ukuhambisana izakhi ume nemisipha futhi uqwanga. Uxhumano ezithathekayo emalungeni isici. Ngamunye wabo has a ebusweni, okwamanje uketshezi kule ingaphakathi, kanye nesikhwama. Njengomthetho, emalungeni abe nemisipha eqinile. Ngenxa ezahlukene kwawo okulinganiselwe ngalezo ezinyakazayo. Articular ithambo ketshezi kunciphisa izakhi ukuhilizisana phakathi ukunyakaza.

Yini lwamathambo?

Kule ngxenye izinkinga ezimbili omzimba: begazi lokukhanda. Mayelana ikhambi inkinga yokugcina yilezi ezilandelayo nemisebenzi lwamathambo omuntu:

1. Motor. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngokungaqondile, njengoba izakhi lwamathambo ukukhonza lokunamathiselwe kwemisipha zesivikelo sesifuba.
2. Umsebenzi nozime skeleton. Amathambo kanye izakhi ngokuhlanganyela ezakha skeleton. Ukuze-ke inamathelisiwe kwezitho izicubu zomzimba ezithambile.
3. Spring. Ngenxa uqwanga ngokuhlanganyela kanye inombolo yezici kwesakhiwo (Curves yomgogodla, unyawo lwaleli) Kwenziwa amortization. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuzamazama inyumbazana futhi jolts kuthiwa waqala ukuthamba.
4. Avikelayo. Uhlaka lwamathambo iqukethe bone ekwakhekeni, ngenxa eyayiqinisekisa ukuphepha izitho ezibalulekile. Ikakhulukazi, ugebhezi ivikela ubuchopho, sternum - inhliziyo, amaphaphu namanye izitho, emgogodleni - isakhiwo umgogodla.

Umsebenzi begazi lwamathambo womuntu:

1. Hematopoietic. kuyofika emnkantsheni ithambo emathanjeni. Kusebenza njengomnyombo umthombo kwamangqamuzana egazi.
2. Stock up. izakhi Bone ukukhonza njengephayona edepho for semali izidakamizwa wezinto ezingaphili. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa yensimbi, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus. Kule ndaba, ithambo ehilelekile ekunakekeleni ukuzinza Ukwakheka amaminerali ngaphakathi emzimbeni.

ukulimala

Uma isikhundla ongafanele ngesikhathi umzimba isikhathi eside ngenxa yeziteleka (isibonelo, isikhathi eside ehlezi ikhanda wakhothama etafuleni, ukuma okubi, njll), kanye isizinda eziningi yokuba izici zofuzo eziyingozi (ikakhulukazi lihambisana amaphutha Ukudla, ukuntuleka ngokomzimba) ukwephulwa kungenzeka esaziwa umsebenzi lwamathambo. Okwakuhlalwa kuzo lapho kusaqalwa zalesi simo luqedwe ngokushesha. Noma kunjalo, kungcono ukuvimbela. Kuze kube yimanje, ochwepheshe batusa ukuba ukhethe indlela yekuma ukhululekile emsebenzini, uvivinye umzimba njalo, yokuzijwayeza, ukubhukuda kanye nezinye izinhlobo.

Esinye isimo lalivamile yezokwelapha ubhekwa unyawo deformity. Against ngemuva zalesi simo kungukuphula umsebenzi motor lwamathambo. Foot deformity singenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya izifo, ukulimala noma kube ngenxa isikhathi eside ngokweqile izitobhi e inqubo yokukhula umzimba. imigqa ephezulu nephansi singenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya ukuzikhandla eqinile emzimbeni. Ukulimala yalolu hlobo kungenzeka ivalwe noma evulekile (isilonda). Mayelana 3/4 wabo bonke waphuka ewela ezandleni nasezinyaweni. Uphawu oyinhloko kokulimala sebuhlungwini obunzima. Izinto zashintsha kungase kubangele ukusonteka alandelayo amathambo, ukuhlukumeza imisebenzi yomnyango lapho itholakala. Uma usola ophukayo we isisulu kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka i-ambulensi njengoba besesibhedlela nje. Ngaphambi kokuthatha isinyathelo, isiguli ithunyelwa cwaningo-X-ray. Phakathi uphethwe yembula kwasendaweni isayithi ukwa, futhi khona offset izinsalela.