IsiDanishi sefilosofi Kerkegor seren: A Biography, izithombe

Ngubani seren Kerkegor? Eyokuqala kumuntu igama lakhe kuzwakele kubo bonke, kodwa bambalwa abakwaziyo lokho idume. Ngokuvamile zokufuna kubonakale ngobuchule, ngaphezulu abafundile nelwazi elinengi kunalokho eliyikho ngempela, abantu abasha okukhulunywe nesibongo sakhe, engaqondi ukuthi wayesho ukuthini. Ikakhulukazi uma lokhu isibongo liphinyiselwe noma kupelwe kahle. Ngakho ungubani ngempela?

Biography. ukuphila Early.

Seren Kerkegor (owazalwa Meyi 5, 1813) wazalelwa e-Copenhagen (Denmark) e emkhayeni ompofu. Yena wayengomncane kunabo bonke emkhayeni futhi kamuva ingane kuyise. Abazali bakhe bakhathazeka ups kwezomnotho kanye nezinkinga, futhi ngesikhathi ukuhamba kuze kube komunye umhlaba, hhayi bancishwa inzalo yabo ifa. Umndeni kwakufanele zenkolo futhi zonke izingane zase wakhulela yokukhulekela futhi zamthanda ngokwengeziwe uNkulunkulu.

Eminyakeni 17, Kerkegor seren iya eyunivesithi ngiyofundela yezenkolo, ifilosofi kanye psychology. Iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, yena ingamamitha ibe lingabuyela elihlanyiswa izenzakalo ezihlobene nokuphila umfundi. Ngo-1838, kukhona kushintsha nombono ongafani, futhi esiyikhethayo kokungenzi lutho intshisekelo sefilosofi esizayo. Seren Kerkegor, ogama isithombe ethumba okwamanje nje rethinking amagugu ukuthi babekwa esengumntwana, evele eshintsha umbono walo emhlabeni. Ikakhulukazi, wagxeka ukholo lwayo kuNkulunkulu nokungafi komphefumulo. Ukuze uthole iziqondiso amasha kanye ukuqonda ubuKatolika, Kerkegor seren wanquma ukuya emuva uyoqala ezintweni eziyisisekelo futhi kabusha isifundo seBhayibheli nefilosofi yamaGreki.

Inguquko ebudaleni

nophenyo lakhe ukuletha izithelo ezinye eminyakeni emibili - isihloko wabaholi wesayensi emfundisweni yenkolo. Kanyekanye lolu shintsho, futhi isikhundla emphakathini yezinsizwa, yena umshado nentombi yami bese ilungiselela ngibe ngumelusi. Kerkegor seren kuphela parallel ukusebenza mqondo lwakhe iziqu zeMasters ifilosofi, eyasebenza njengodonga isisekelo sokuthethelelwa dialectics Hegel sika kanye imibono jikelele kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni, kubonakala umbono Isimanga nezimfundiso yokucabanga.

ezisicasulayo Umkhaya nesambulo zefilosofi

Ngo-1841, uthemba ukuthi ube indoda nomndeni ukushiya sefilosofi, hhayi njengoba ungathola yena, ukungabaza izinkolelo zakhe futhi wanquma ukuthi obungenza kuphela umthwalo ukuthi umakoti wakhe. U kubandakanyeka kwaba eziphukile, kodwa yena sinqatshelwe. Ukugwema scandal, le nsizwa yahamba ukuze Berlin. Ngokwesizathu nemizwa yabo, wabhala indzaba leyakheke zefilosofi "noma-noma", okuyinto kuphakamisa imibuzo kwesimilo sobuhle bayo. Kodwa umshicileli ngo-1843 kuziwa ngaphansi mbumbulu kunokuba igama langempela - seren Kerkegor. Iminyaka yokuhamba kwakhe eJalimane, kusiza amadoda ukuba abuye athole, kodwa abiza akabuyele njengoba ethuka ehlangana umthandi wangaphambili ovuthayo uthando wangaphambili futhi. Kodwa emva kwesikhashana, le ndoda yaphindela futhi usinda ukuba Berlin abuye ashicilele kanye imibhalo yesandla emibili emisha, kungukufanekisa etshela yothando lwakhe. Lokhu kwaba yisikhathi okwakhiwa ngaso Ngaqala ukuthatha ukuma Serena Kerkegora nefilosofi. Kodwa ngisho nangaphambi ukukhululwa sencwadi yakhe, isazi sefilosofi ifunda ukuthi owayeyintombi yakhe ingoduso ashade. Lena esisangulukisayo yakhe.

Inkathi ukugxekwa futhi bemlahlile ngokoqobo

Ngaphezu abalandeli, Kerkegor seren ithola futhi baxgeki ngubani elimsulwa amazwana emakhasini "Le Corsaire" imisebenzi yakhe. Ukuphendula lo sefilosofi ishicilela isihloko lapho uzama ngehlazo futhi athobise baxgeki yakhe. Lokhu kulimaza kakhulu ukwethenjelwa kwalo emehlweni umphakathi, kukhona opopayi okuhlaselayo, amahlaya ezimbi. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho zokunyathelisa elinye incwadi, okuyinto utshelwa inqwaba yamakhasi ifilosofi Serena Kerkegora, kusukela ekuqaleni kwendlela yakhe yendalo nangeZwi zesayensi iziphetho sokugcina.

Ukufa ubumpofu

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, Kierkegaard wakhuthaza ezincwadini zakhe esikhundleni sokuba umshumayeli, razyasnitel izisekelo ukholo lobuKristu, kuyilapho yena, hhayi ukuba ngumlandeli wakhe. Okungenani wacabanga kanjalo. Ngo-1855, isazi sefilosofi eyasungulwa iphephandaba yakhe siqu, kodwa uphatha ukushicilela nezindaba 10 kuphela, ngaphambi abanamanxeba abulalayo iyagula. 42 Ngonyaka wokuphila, seren Kerkegor, ogama biography kubonisa ukuthi ngisho esikhathini ezifana esifushane singenza intuthuko ebonakalayo zefilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo, ukukhuluma ngayo ezincwadini zakhe, futhi banconywa ezibucayi, uyafa eDenmark. Washiya imali kuphela ukuze singcwatshwe, kanye nomsebenzi sidle.

ukuphuza existentialism

Isazi sefilosofi Danish seren Kerkegor, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uyise existentialism, ngemisebenzi yakhe, + kangangokuba wenza isenzo njengoba ekugxekeni rationalism kanye adherent indlela subjective nefilosofi. Ngokusho kwakhe, nje ukuthi yayihlukile kuleyo yasekuqaleni isayensi, ezisekelwe emaqinisweni owamukelwa. Umbuzo oyinhloko ukuthi wonke umuntu ucela bodwa bathi: "Ingabe udinga isikhathi sokuba khona kwami" - inezinkulungwane izimpendulo ezahlukene. Isazi sefilosofi wagomela ngokuthi uthando - lena subjective, futhi kukhona ngokoqobo ngoba wonke umuntu ongashadile. Futhi iyini le ndaba edingidwayo nguMkhandlu isidingo ukuthatha esiyingqayizivele, ngamunye abahlukile sizobonisa umbono wabo emhlabeni.

ekubeni nekhono lokuhlaziya

Ngesisekelo isakhiwo yesikhundla Kierkegaard BakaJehova kule ndaba, singaphetha ngokuthi wayekholelwa into ekhona kuphela okungahambisani ukuzicabanga. Phela, uma sinokuthile ngiqale ukucabanga, ukuthi liphazamisane nqubo engokwemvelo yokufunda ukuphila ukugeleza izinto. Ngakho, le nto uyashabalala, kuphenduke omunye ukubhekwa kakade washintsha. Ngakho-ke, ifilosofi ekuphileni ngendlela esikhulu ukuze ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba akubhekwa yasungulwa, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho izenzakalo, izinto, ngoba nabo, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa khona kwabo.

Zenkululeko nokuzibusa

Kierkegaard amangalelwe, kuphambene Hegel, ukuthi umlando wezenhlalo - ke ingenye iribhoni okuqhubekayo imicimbi kunesidingo. Okungukuthi, abalingiswa kufakwe indaba, kwakungekho okunye kodwa ukwenza kanjalo, futhi yini ngenye indlela. Izwe kwangaphakathi yomuntu ongaphansi kuphela kuye, futhi yini okwenzeka kuyo nganoma iyiphi indlela akufanele uthinte yizimo zangaphandle. Ukwenza nsuku zonke, ihora, isikhashana, ukukhetha omusha wangaphakathi, abantu eduze Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke, njengoba ingaphezulu kuka nezwe elingaphandle. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngesinqumo ngamunye kumelwe kona-. Uma okwamanje yokukhetha umuntu lihlehle unomphela ke ngaye kwenza izimo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, umuntu alahlekelwe isiqu sakhe.

Ifilosofi yithemba

Coming kusimo yokuphelelwa yithemba, ngaphandle abantu abaphelelwa ukholo yena futhi ufuna ukuqeda lokhu umuzwa. Futhi lokhu udinga ukususa ngokwakho aphume khona, ukuze yithemba asisekho. Kodwa ukubaleka, shiya, ukuzikhipha engenakwenzeka. Umuntu akukhona uyazi ikusasa lakhe elikhulu njengoba iyunithi okungokomoya, kodwa isimo zisabalele ngaphandle okuhlukile ngokuqondene nalo mthetho. Futhi, ngokombono Kierkegaard sika, kuhle. Ngoba abantu yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba angathola amandla ukuhamba, zithokozise. Kuyinto ukuthi ukwesaba elenza imiphefumulo yethu efanelekayo ephakeme.

izindlela wokuba

Kerkegor seren ezikhonjwe ezimbili zindlela khona yomuntu: i nezimiso zokuziphatha futhi ngenxa yobuhle.

Esthete, ngokuvumelana sefilosofi, ephila njengombaleki imvelo ayehlose. Kuthatha izimfanelo zayo kanye nobuthakathaka, ukungapheleli emhlabeni nokubaluleka abo kulo, bezama ukuba uzizwe ukahle futhi uthathe ngangokunokwenzeka. Isiqondiso eyinhloko ukuba khona 'sobuhle bayo "Kuyintokozo. Kodwa uma ucabangela ukuthi umuntu onjalo njalo iphethwe yi- yizimo zangaphandle, akalokothi ngaphakathi khulula. Enye ingqinamba bokuba khona i esthete, wukuthi akazange ukuphatha ukufinyelela isimo ukwaneliseka okuphelele. Kukhona njalo okuthile okwengeziwe kulokho singalwela ngoba, ukuphishekela yokuchitha isizungu kokuzitika. Man ilahlekelwa umuzwa tebuciko yokuzibona uncibilike emhlabeni yangaphandle nezwe kwangaphakathi ukukhohlwa. Ukuze waphinda ngingcono kubalulekile ukuze bakhethe unolwazi.

Umuntu okhetha ohlangothini zokuziphatha, ngokuzithandela ukuzincisha ukuphumula inkululeko nenjabulo "hamba nge ukugeleza" nezwe elingaphandle. Yena luhlala ngokoqobo bakhe, okwenza bakhethe ngokolwazi, senze umzamo, essence yayo, ukungena ephila endaweni ethile nohlaka oye kuchazwa uqobo. Empeleni, umuntu kudala ngokwayo kabusha, hhayi remodels ngaphansi kwezimo, kodwa hhayi uhlakulela izici zabo zemvelo, futhi uzilungise ngoba ngokoqobo abayikhethile.

mayelana nomusa

Philosophy ithi umzabalazo kanye ubunye okuhle nokubi kukhona isihlobo. Ngamunye wethu esimthandayo inquma izikali, okuyinto uyogcwala ngaphezulu. Kierkegaard wayekholelwa ukuthi okuhle umuntu ngenxa inkululeko, hhayi okuphambene nalokho. Phela uma wena ngaphakathi khulula ngalesosikhathi he is ukhululekile ukukhetha ukuba nomusa kuwe noma cha. Lona sengqondo yobuhle. Ethical umuntu ofanayo ekuqaleni bamukela imithetho yokuziphatha futhi angikwazi ukuphuma kwamandla awo. Ngisho nalapho efuna ukuba umuntu omuhle, khona abakhetha ngokoqobo odlulela ukuba izenzo ezithile.

ukuqaphela sokholo

Isigaba eliphakeme yokuphila komuntu iyisikhathi esingakanani Kierkegaard kubhekwe "Knights esithile sokholo." Kwaba ngisho ephakeme imithetho nezimiso zokuziphatha, ngoba isinqumo zazivela Providence Waphezulu, hhayi kusukela ikhodi zokuziphatha. Yokuziphatha - Umqondo ukholo yomphakathi - ngamunye, ungubani. Futhi ebuka impilo yakhe sikhundla, umuntu uyabona ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unomsebenzi kuNkulunkulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuye kudingeke abephula imithetho sokuziphatha ukukhokhelwa lesi sikweleti.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuziphatha kobuKristu yithemba - ifomu yesono, kodwa uma kuthatha ifomu wokuphenduka phambi kukaNkulunkulu okuholela ekululameni ke ukwamukela phakathi Knights ukholo. Kierkegaard waqonda ukholo nekhono eliphakeme abantu, hhayi bephika intelligence zokuziphatha, ezisiza ukufinyelela ukuqonda isambulo zaphezulu.

A indima ekhethekile wabelwa ifilosofi kwengqondo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kuphela ngokusebenzisa ingqondo yomuntu bangaphinde yobuntu bakhe, ukwenqaba yithemba usinde zokuziphatha "ukufa" futhi uphinde uzalwe njengomuntu phoenix. Consciousness njengoba ayephethe yezinsika sokholo inkululeko. It lifinyelele ibhalansi obunobunye phakathi ezilinganiselwe futhi engenamkhawulo, engokoqobo nengokomoya. Kuyasiza umuntu ukulinganisela ukuba yena.

Okusho nefilosofi Kierkegaard

sefilosofi Contemporary ayikwazanga siyijabulele. Khona-ke wabusa ukucabanga kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni, efana izibuyekezo, ubusha, kunokuba dive e ngokwakho kanye nokuzikhethela nezimiso zokuziphatha futhi ngenxa yobuhle. Ifilosofi Serena Kerkegora kafushane Ixoxwa emaphephandabeni nakomagazini, hhayi usungene shí okushiwo ukuthi kwaphendukezela incazelo kuthiweni. Babebaningi abafuna emjikijela ngamatshe le sazi Danish. Kodwa wayekholelwa ukuthi lokhu udumo negative bayozuza labo abanesithakazelo ngempela ezimfundisweni zakhe. Phela, kubalulekile ukuthi ukuqonda izincwadi zakhe, hhayi ukuzama ukumlingisa, futhi ngaso izenzakalo zokuphila kwakhe. Seren Kerkegor, ogama nefilosofi lwaluvame egxekwa, wakwazi sithinte inhliziyo yomenzi isizukulwane kamuva.

Ngemva izingxabano zezwe ezimbili ezenzeka ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, abantu baye yaphinde yaphendukela imisebenzi Kierkegaard, futhi okutholakala kubo lokho okufunayo, noma ubuka kwezwe elisizungezile. Bona ukwazi ithemba futhi wathola amandla avuke emlotheni. Yilokho impela ebhala sefilosofi omkhulu seren Kerkegor.