Isikhumbuzo Lermontov e Pyatigorsk. Imyuziyemu-Reserve Lermontov e Pyatigorsk

Itshe lesikhumbuzo lokuqala Mihailu Lermontovu yasungulwa ngo Pyatigorsk, eduze kwayo leyo ndawo lapho afela khona. ngakho umzimba ngesikhathi kudala ukuthi zingcwatshwe kusukela Pyatigorsk, kodwa edolobheni, lapho afike achitha khona izinyanga bokugcina bokuphila kwakhe, lapho kudabuka khona izinkondlo zakhe zokugcina, akubanga yize leze won Lermontov lesikhumbuzo lokuqala eRussia.

"Ngajabula nawe, kwamadwala ezintabeni"

Lermontov walithanda ngokungenabugovu ezintabeni, walithanda eCaucasus. Selokhu leyo minyaka lapho ugogo Elizaveta Alekseevna Arseneva bakhe abasha kakhulu futhi ngokuletha emanzini ashisayo, njengoba kwakuke ngokuthi Pyatigorsk. imigqa eminingi yemisebenzi yakhe abazinikele eCaucasus, ubuhle bemvelo yalo. Mhlawumbe yingakho uthando ibonwa yithi njengezikhonzi ezibuhlungu. Lapha Lermontov fated Kwathi ngemva ekudingisweni kwakhe kuqala Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment nkondlo edlubulundayo "Ngo kokufa umbhali nkondlo," bese-ke eza lapha lonke ihlobo ukuze baphumule. Futhi kungani akazange abuye.

Lokho endlini Lermontov e Pyatigorsk, asithatha Elikhulu Vasiliya Ivanovicha Chilaeva, namanje umi namuhla. Manje-ke Museum imbongi sika. Itshe lesikhumbuzo, owawungumnyaka lokuqala, Lermontov immortalized itshe, setha esigcawini edolobheni, okuyinto bamisa ngokuqondile phambi ukuvulwa. Ngemva kwakhe - kweNtaba Mashuk, lapho Julayi 27, 1841 ku Duel uqede ukuphila imbongi. Amehlo akhe angamalangabi esiqongweni Elbrus, iziqongo ngokubabazekayo imbongi othandekayo kangaka iziNtaba zaseCaucasus. Isikhumbuzo Lermontov e Pyatigorsk, okuyinto elisusa ngesithombe zonke izivakashi abavakashele edolobheni - uphawu nothando olungenabugovu ngoba imbongi izingqondo ayesenakho isikhathi.

Ngu weminyaka engu wamashumi amathathu ukufa imbongi sika

Indaba Duel Lermontov kanye negama killer wakhe ukwazi pheze konke eRussia zanamuhla. Lokhu watshelwa esikoleni ekilasini yokukhuluma bomdabu, kulotshiwe esasizifunda. Futhi amagama alawo owaqala ukufakwa lesikhumbuzo kuqala kuye owabudala, eyaziwa abalobi ikakhulukazi professional.

Ababaningi abantu kakhulu zisungule inqubo yokufaka, amagama abo kwakunzima ukukhumbula. Ngo-1870, imbongi uPetru Kuzmich Martianov owanyatheliswa ephephabhukwini "Umsebenzi Umhlaba" Kule migqa elandelayo: "Petersburg Kronstadt ukubeka izikhumbuzo Kruzenshtern futhi Bellingsgauzenu, Kiev - Bogdanu Hmelnitskomu futhi Bala Bobrinsky, Smolensk - Glinka, kungani Pyatigorsk, nezinkulungwane yayo izivakashi amanzi, hhayi thatha isinyathelo sokwenza okufanele ekwakhiweni lesikhumbuzo M. Yu. Lermontovu? "umqashi oyinhloko ngesikhathi zaseCaucasia Mineral Amanzi Andrew Matveyevich Bajkov asekelwe onamandla wokuhlanzeka Martyanova. Initiators leqembu sasitholakala elinye igama - Aleksandr Andreevich Vitman, udokotela enkantolo kumeluleki Pyatigorsk. Amabhayisikili futhi Whitman Ucele usizo we Baron A. P. UNikolai, elalisekhaya ukuthi Chief isikhathi umbusi Caucasian - Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov. Ngakho ngemva konyaka, ngokusebenzisa izandla eziningi, isinyathelo ukusungula lesikhumbuzo ukuze Lermontov e Pyatigorsk wathola Tsar u-Alexander II. imvume yakhe eliphakeme kumcimbi yatholwa Julayi 23, 1871, cishe ngosuku wokugubha wamashumi amathathu ukufa imbongi sika.

WeziNkulungwane ruble penny

Ngenxa yalokho, inkosi futhi ebhaliwe bese, ngalokho izindlela uzobe wakha isikhumbuzo. Luyakukhahlela kahle wazise "... ukuvula okusakazekile okubhaliselwe Empire ukuqoqa iminikelo kulo lesikhumbuzo." Kwakuthinta ngokushesha wamisa ikomiti ukuze wenze imali, futhi Ministry of Finance waqala nokubhaliswa iminikelo.

Osukwini lokuqala eyaphuma ngalo yatholwa kusukela kubantukazana ezimbili engaziwa sifundazwe Taurian. Wayengumuntu ruble ezimbili. Kodwa ngokushesha baqala ukukhipha ukuthola iminikelo evela kuyo yonke indawo. amanani athile kufakwe indaba. Ngokwesibonelo, isheke okwesikhathi ruble ayizigidi - imali eningi kuleyo minyaka - wathumela yesibili Prince Alexander Illarionovich Vasilchikov wangaphambili Lermontov ngalowo Duel kwesibhamu. Fedor Mihaylovich Dostoevsky ukhokhelwe inani upeni kwabanye olusemthethweni Mishchenko Wathukuthela wathelwa ngamanzi ukuze ngisho echazwe kulesi senzakalo kuyisixwayiso izizukulwane ezizayo. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi ongumlimi abavamile Ivan Andreichev ungeze lokhu umnikelo ruble, bona nazo zichazwa.

Eminyakeni 18 nje, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho wathola imali lesikhumbuzo ukuze Lermontov e Pyatigorsk kwaba eqoqwe ruble ayizigidi 53 398 no-46 kopecks.

Umncintiswano wokuthola iphrojekthi engcono

Ngu 1881 imali eqoqwe kwanele ngawe ukuqhubeka iphrojekthi ye lesikhumbuzo esizayo. EKomidi usifake wakwazi ukunqoba emzini Pyatigorsk njengendawo yokuhlala unomphela lesikhumbuzo, nakuba abanye amalungu ekomidi okuphakanyiswe bawubeka omunye izihloko ezimbili, bephawula lokuthi "Lermontov kungokwalabo sihlanganisa lonke izwe laseRussia", futhi esikhundleni ukunikezela ukuvula Museum of Lermontov e Pyatigorsk.

Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange emahlandla lamatsatfu ukukhethwa iphrojekthi best of lesikhumbuzo. Ngiphakathi yokuqala noma imizuliswano yesibili, futhi bathunyelwa iziphakamiso ezingaphezu kuka-120, ziye ayivezi ukuthi indaba emfushane ekhethekile, okuyinto bawamukele wonke Commission. Imiphumela round lwesithathu amenyezelwa Okthoba 30, 1883. It wathumela imiklamo yayo 15 contender, phakathi lapho inombolo 14 futhi sasitholakala indaba emfushane ka lesikhumbuzo esizayo. Wangena abadumile ngesikhathi lo umqophi Aleksandra Mihaylovicha Opekushina, wadala eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambili lesikhumbuzo ukuze Alexander Pushkin, base bakha ku Abakwazi Abakwenzayo Boulevard eMoscow. Isikhumbuzo Lermontov e Pyatigorsk, zanikela ukusetha Opekushin, kuyinto izingoma ezilula ehlanganisa imininingwane ezincane ezimbalwa kuphela, kodwa ngenhloso yombhali kwakufanele abonise ukuphila isikhathi esifushane kodwa egqamile imbongi. Futhi umqondo amalungu ikhomishana kwavunyelwana.

A portrait futhi umdwebo

Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa ukufeza into efana zethusi imbongi ubuso bakhe, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi akulula kangako ekuphileni. Ukufa imaski ngasizathu simbe akazange lisusiwe kusukela Lermontov. Ngaphansi isampula ukubonakala kwakhe Opekushininu enikeziwe self-portrait imbongi, eyabhalwa kuye emifanekiso iminyaka emine ngaphambi kokuba afe, nomfowabo-ipensela umdwebo Lermontov, uBaron D. P. Palena, zaveza ngo-1840, lapho imbongi wayechazwa kwiphrofayli.

Umsebenzi omuhle kwenziwe Aleksandr Mihaylovich Opekushin. Isikhumbuzo Lermontov e Pyatigorsk kamuva waqaphela inembe kakhulu kunazo ngokuya wafana nembongi. Futhi yingakho nje kungazange kumangaze, njengoba umqophi idale imidwebo eminingi Lermontov, ngaphambi ebanikeza ukuqhathanisa ophilayo abangane imbongi, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona Vasilchikov yakhe yesibili. Bhala izici zobuso phezu ochwepheshe akhethiwe luhlaka ngqo ngaphansi kobuholi Aleksandra Illarionovicha, ngaphambi kokuba sivunyiwe version yokugcina lesikhumbuzo. Umbhali ngeke bakunike esifanekisweni into efana portrait, kodwa futhi ukudala imisebenzi yobuciko kakhulu yobuciko, okufanelekelayo ukuba imbongi.

Kusukela eCrimea Petersburg - Pyatigorsk

Ngenxa yalokho, umsunguli we lesikhumbuzo ukuze Lermontov e Pyatigorsk akagcinanga kakhulu esifanekisweni imbongi, kodwa futhi wasikisela ukuba ngaphansi isinyathelo sakhe umdvwebo. Bright egwadle setshe okwakudingeka wenziwe lapho kumele balungise isimo edwaleni omkhulukazi lapho, ngaphandle olunezintambo, umqhele omuhle laurel ipeni, kwakungekho okwakhiwe olwengeziwe. Zonke ngamafuphi, kodwa ngamunye yezingxenye kwadingeka ukuba uzale kunencazelo ejulile ongokomfanekiso.

Petersburg, kule mboni zethusi ekubunjweni "A Moran" waphonswa lethusi esifanekisweni ngokwayo (ukuphakama 2 kwamamitha 35 amasentimitha) nemininingwane lokubhalela isinyathelo. Khona-ke ebaziwe, ngesikhathi Pyatigorsk ukuth ahlelwe Square ikhwele endaweni yesikhulumi, nibekezelela inhlokodolobha yomphakathi ukubuka.

Ukuze isinyathelo ngokukhethekile owawuvela eCrimea kwalethwa ukukhanya egwadle ezinkulu - ingqikithi amayunithi eziyisishiyagalombili. Indawo lesikhumbuzo kuya umqophi yena wakhetha eside ngaphambi kokufakwa yayo. Lokhu kwavumela organically ukuxhumanisa esifanekisweni imbongi kanye ezungezile epaki ndawo. Ngo umdwebo wakhe ukwakha isinyathelo by izingcweti wendawo. Ukufakwa esiveza zethusi imbongi, okuyinto Pyatigorsk lokuqala zilethwe ngesitimela, bese ezinqoleni, wahola Opekushin, wamsiza alethwe kusukela master yenhloko-dolobha. Ukuphakama ingqikithi lesikhumbuzo emva kokufakwa kwaba 5 amamitha 65 amasentimitha.

Izimbali kanye izinkulumo esinqeni Mashuk

Ekuqaleni, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo lesikhumbuzo kwakuhlelwe Okthoba 1889. Kodwa Aleksandr Mihaylovich Opekushin akakwazanga ukuza ngo-Okthoba ngo Pyatigorsk, nezivakashi eziningi Waters kungaba khona kulesi senzakalo esibalulekile, ngakho-ke usuku kuvulwa lesikhumbuzo washukumiseleka ukuba ngeSonto 16 Agasti.

Ngaphandle Opekushin uqobo sibone ukuthi kuyoba isikhumbuzo Lermontov e Pyatigorsk, emcimbini wafika cishe wonke amalungu ekomidi ukufakwa yayo, izikhulu zendawo, izinhloko Office Lamanzi, izikhulu zedolobha, izakhamuzi omakhelwane kanye resort izivakashi. Kwakuthinta ufunde umbiko Iqoqo imali le mali, ngemuva kwalokho isikhumbuzo basusa ezimhlophe, njengoba phezulu Elbrus, umgubuzelo.

Izimbali izimbali, isiliva, insimbi walala ezinyaweni imbongi. Kwakukhona izinkulumo onesizotha ngokubaluleka ifa okudala imbongi abantu isiRashiya, mashi "Lermontov", ebhala VI uSawule, inkondlo "Ngaphambi lesikhumbuzo ukuze M. Yu. Lermontova", funda kumbhali Kostoy Hetagurovym. It kukhala obuncane "Ngezinye lesikhumbuzo ukuze Lermontov", ebhalwe uMnu Schmidt.

Alone Andrei Matveevich Baykova wayengekho phakathi kwalabo abakhona. Ngalesi sikhathi lapho nezibi, elapha resort Merano, e-Austria, lapho afela khona inyanga emva kuvulwa lesikhumbuzo.

Esokuqala futhi okungcono namuhla

I Lermontov wethusi baqoqa imali emhlabeni wonke, hhayi kuphela baba lesikhumbuzo sokuqala esakhiwa ku imbongi, kodwa futhi kunazo zonke ezikhona namuhla. Kuthathwa ngu-mlando zezobuciko, izazi-mlando, abalobi wavezwa isikhathi eside. Kungakanani Yakhiwa ngemva ezikhumbuzo entsha, kodwa uhlala okufanayo: lesikhumbuzo engcono Lermontov - Pyatigorsk. Ake ubone ngeso lengqondo ke, nezithombe lalokho efakwe Tverskaya iPushkin - cishe yonke encyclopedia. Ezinyaweni imbongi phezu phambi isinyathelo nge kunemibhalo emibili; phezulu "M. Lermontov ", kancane ngezansi -" 16 Agasti 1889 ".

Bronze obunjengobomuntu Lermontov okuhambisa imigqa olusankondlo, okuyinto mayelana ngithululele phezu iphepha, ngakho-ke kubonakala sengathi i-ephefumulelwe. Kodwa ipeni linamandla inviolable, incwadi yawela ezandleni imbongi, namehlo akhe akuzo eneqhwa Mount Elbrus. Ahambisana Naleli emuva - Mashuk. Ngisho lezi zinto baphathe incazelo ephakeme: ngemuva esidlule ngaphambi - phakade. ehlanganiswe Ngakho imbongi omkhulu Russian Lermontov e Pyatigorsk. Photo of lesikhumbuzo ku isizinda Intaba elidumile izithombe izivakashi abaningi yeziqongo elihle iziNtaba zaseCaucasus.

Indlu ngaphansi ngotshani

Ngo-May 1841, efuna ukuchitha izinyanga ezimbalwa Pyatigorsk zakho ozithandayo, Lermontov wafika eCaucasus. Ngaphumela on indlu elula, kodwa sasivumela inakekelwa kahle, embozwe sasemhlangeni, ku iNtshumayelo emgwaqweni, phezu emaphethelweni omuzi. Nge umnikazi ekhaya, umhlalaphansi uMajor Platz VI Chilaev wakwazi nivumelana ukuze ruble esiliva 100 - impela eside, kodwa wavunyelwa ukuqasha indlu ehlobo. Ngo mansion enjalo wake "ixazululwe" Pechorin yakhe, lokhu indlu efanayo Wagcina abode esemhlabeni imbongi.

Ngemva Duel ebulalayo, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba isakhiwo liyoba yindlu-Museum of Lermontov e Pyatigorsk ngangingenamsebenzi ngalokhu endlini. abanikazi Ngokuvamile washintsha, akekho kubo balandela yokuhlonipha ilungiselelo lakhe, isakhiwo kancane kancane aqala ukuncipha. Into yokuqala ukuthi wenza abendawo, lapho usongo wokugoqa isibe sobala ngempela - ekhiqizwa futhi unamathele odongeni yesikhumbuzo zemabula setshe, okuyinto kuthé kuze kube yilolu suku. It amazwi ambalwa nje: "dlu, kuze kotorom zhil imbongi M. Yu Lermontov". Kuphela ngo-1922, uMnyango wezeMfundo zomphakathi Pyatigorsk ekhishwe ilungelo kobunikazi endlini. Kuwo lo nyaka, kungaholela uhlobo efanele Museum.

Namuhla-ke cishe lesikhumbuzo kuphela okusele yayinjalo elihlobene ne Lermontov. Lapha, hhayi kuphela endlini, kodwa zonke izindlu endaweni yakini kukhona indlela abekade 1841 - icala esiyingqayizivele.

Kusukela Pyatigorsk emndenini emathuneni Crypt e Tarkhany

Lapha, endlini ngaphansi kophahla lotshani, futhi kwaletha yezimvula ngoLwesibili Julayi 27 esidunjini imbongi emva Duel, yingakho-ke kwenziwa in the sakamuva, njengoba bekholwa indlela emathuneni Pyatigorsk.

Wakhulela Mihaila Lermontova ugogo, Elizaveta Alekseevna Arseneva, sekuphele izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili ukufa umzukulu wakhe sithenge unelungelo bazingcwabe kabusha imbongi bese uyiswa umzimba esimweni umndeni Tarkhany Penza sifundazwe, lapho egumbini mndeni esesibekiwe umama noyisemkhulu. Kodwa Lermontov Museum e Pyatigorsk ungeze izimpahla imbongi, abantu abanikele ngamaqanda nesidoda izikhathi ezintathu isuswe nomshana we Mikhail Yurevich - Eugene Akimovna Shang Giray.

UNakasa uzophumula senzeka ngoMeyi 5, 1842. Futhi ngosuku lokuqala ethuneni Lermontov ku Pyatigorsk emathuneni wamiswa a qwembe lwesikhumbuzo, okuyinto, efana lesikhumbuzo nendlu ngaphansi kophahla lotshani, woza abalandeli abaningi ngomsebenzi wakhe.

indawo Izintandokazi Lermontov e Pyatigorsk

Akukhona nje epaki edolobheni, eyinkimbinkimbi Museum kanye emathuneni wavakashela yizivakashi abaningi Pyatigorsk. Kukhona ezinye izindawo enhle ezintabeni, lapho kanye imbongi zazithanda ukuba lapho izintaba kuholele njengamanje. Phakathi ezikhangayo esemqoka - sivale indlela engena emgedeni ka Lermontov e Pyatigorsk kwi sangaleso Mount Mashuk. imbongi Kukhona wabhala ngo-1837, lo mdwebo - "Buka Pyatigorsk", oluveza sangaleso. Yena, ngentando Lermontov kwase indawo emihlanganweni yomshoshaphansi Pechorin noVera.

Kuze 1831 kwaba evamile entabeni emhumeni, alinikela ukubukwa ekhexisayo Pyatigorsk. Khona-ke Bernardazzi abazalwane (Johann noJosefa, abakhi bendawo) baye basenza sivale indlela engena emgedeni, bafaka amabhentshi kuwo, nemigoqo yensimbi ukuba lalivela kuphela ngeminyaka yoma kwekhulu XIX. I sensimbi qwembe "sivale indlela engena emgedeni ka Lermontov" yasungulwa ngo-1961. Kude nomuzi nabantu lapha Lermontov ikhefu umsindo befuna.

"Ingoma kanjani elimnandi izwe lakithi ..."

Ziningi tour iziqondiso uzokwazi ukuvakashela kanye Museum-Reserve Lermontov e Pyatigorsk, futhi lesikhumbuzo kanye tshe emathuneni nendawo Duel ngesikhathi kweNtaba Mashuk. Abaningi abazimisele zidlule izindawo imbongi eziyizintandokazi uzungeze umuzi, lapho ngokuvamile babehamba. Ngakho ngesikhathi esisodwa benza uLeo Tolstoy, Sergey Yesenin, Vasily Shukshin, cishe zinyanga indawo yokuphumula yomlobi omkhulu, imbongi nomculi njengoba nokuhambela kwakhe siqu.

Ikakhulukazi aminyene lapha ngosuku memory imbongi - ku 27 Julayi. Labetibambile ukufundwa etemibhalo, uzwakale amavesi Lermontov sika. Ngokuvamile - lezi imigqa: "ingoma kanjani elimnandi izwe lakithi, Ngiyakuthanda eCaucasus!"