Ubuciko kanye EzokuzijabulisaIzincwadi

Isikhundla lombhali kuleli inganekwane. isikhundla lombhali kuleli inganekwane

I inganekwane kuyinto indzaba lemfisha, ngokuvamile evesini, lapho wabeka incazelo ongokomfanekiso. Abalingisi kulo ngokuvamile izilwane.

Ukuvela izinganekwane

Kukholakala ukuthi izinganekwane uvele eGrisi lasendulo ngo 6-5 eminyaka. BC. e., umdali yabo Aesop. Ngu igama lalo fabulist edume kungukufanekisa ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi "ulimi Aesopian."

Ukubhebhetheka kwalesi uhlobo olusha eRussia nakwamanye amazwe

Ekhulwini 1st Izinganekwane BC Aesop sika kuhunyushwe evesini olimini lwesiLatini Phaedrus. Kamuva baqala ukusebenzisa ezihlukahlukene abalobi - kusukela La Fontaine ezinganekwaneni Krylov futhi izindaba avame lathathwa Aesop.

Ezweni lethu, lolu hlobo isakazeke emhlabeni maphakathi nekhulu le-18. A. Kantemir owayiloba wokuqala Russian owabhala izinganekwane namanje kule 30s kwekhulu le-18. Kamuva, kwakukhona imisebenzi ngamanye abalobi Russian: M. V Lomonosova, V. K. Trediakovskogo A. Sumarokov. Nokho, ethandwa kakhulu futhi fabulist owaziwa ezweni lethu ubhekwa I. A. Krylov.

Izici lezinganekwane Krylov sika

Wings wanquma ngiphendukele kuyinganekwane, njengoba kwakunjalo uhlobo abantu sika stroke kakhulu. Lapho umbhali ebuzwa ukuthi kungani wakhetha igama lakhe, waphendula ngokuthi inganekwane kuyinto kucace kuwo wonke umuntu, naye "Ukufundwa kanye izinceku kanye nezingane zakhe." Lolu hlobo ekudalweni etemibhalo sekuyisikhathi eside wasondelana nabo ngokukhethekile izinkondlo abantu, ayenakho isisekelo esiqinile izincwadi Russian. Fable elihlobene ne izaga kanye namazwi, ezibhalwe ngolimi elula futhi ecacile, ifundisa ukuhlakanipha kwezwe futhi kuhlanzekile ngokokuziphatha - konke lokhu kwenza kube uhlobo intandokazi phakathi kwabantu. Siyini isikhundla kombhali ku inganekwane? Impendulo yalo mbuzo linikeza lesi sihloko.

Ihlaya e inganekwane

Ihlaya esetshenziswa Krylov, allegory okucashile, yayihloselwe ukuvula izinkinga futhi "Izilonda" akuzona kuphela umphakathi ayephila kuso Ivan Andreyevich, kodwa futhi lonke uhlelo esekelwe ubugovu yangasese. wagxila satirical lezinganekwane wakhe uphakamisa izindikimba ezingaphelelwa isikhathi umvuzo okhokhwayo ngenxa yokufumbathisa, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuhaha, ukuntula ulwazi apharathasi kwamandla.

Ezinkondlweni zakhe Krylov isicelo allegories akhethekile kungabhekisela uhlelo ngokuthi "ulimi Aesopian." Wakhonza ukuze kufihle ukubhinqa. Ukufunda imisebenzi fabulist, siyaqonda ukuthi amabhubesi, nezimbongolo, izimpisi nezimpungushe - allegories nje longeke watibona netintfo lwasemaphusheni izinhlamvu, futhi izibalo ezithile emlandweni. Nokho, esikhundleni amagugu kanye satirical kombhali ku inganekwane uhlale kakhulu kwalokho engiye kwezimo kuthathwe njengesisekelo isishiya ukudalwa ukuqhathanisa. Yingakho iminyaka eminingi imisebenzi fabulist ahlale ukunemba zihlobane zezombusazwe kubo futhi namuhla akukho kungabaza, njengoba isiba sifaniso entsha.

isikhundla lombhali kuleli inganekwane "The Wolf kanye neWundlu"

Krylov njalo bavikela abantu abacindezelekile kusukela ababusi ubudlova zababusi - abahahayo enamandla nezigaba zabantu ababusayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, emsebenzini wakhe "The Wolf kanye neWundlu" etheksthini plain eveza isikhundla kombhali ku inganekwane: "A eqinile njalo engenamandla icala lakho!" iwundlu engaqinile kanye novalo iphenduka ibe inyamazane impisi kuphela ngoba yokugcina elambile. Lokhu inganekwane ingenye ambalwa oqala nokuziphatha, hhayi ukuphela kwayo. Krylov wake wathi, yini iphuzu kule ndaba. IWundlu akanalutho ukufakazela ukuba impisi elambile. Futhi kuhlale kungaba wusizo ukuthi ngeqiniso lokuthi ukuze kwehlele ihora, lapho uzahlangana amandla aphakeme yakhe. Wabe ngeke baziphathe njani? Njengewundlu? Isithombe leWundlu limelela abantu abacindezelekile iyonke, namandla ayo nokuvusa induku. isikhundla main kombhali e inganekwane Krylov sika "The Wolf kanye neWundlu" kuyinto aqondwa ngisho ingane.

Okwakushiwo zezombusazwe

ukungabi nabulungisa okunjalo, ubudlova nokungabi namthetho obenziwa phezu kwabantu abampofu, serfs nezinceku, Ivan A. uye wabalahla ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi wagwetshelwa emibhalweni yakhe. Lona isikhundla kombhali ku le inganekwane "Ingulube phansi kwe-oki" Nokho emisebenzini "Izimpisi Sheep", "Izimvu Colorful," "Abalimi noMfula" nabanye. Kodwa-ke kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ukuhlekisa predation, ububi bama-sonke isimiso kwezenhlalo, okuyinto uye wakhuthaza ngokungafanele ukucindezelwa uquqaba, Krylov yayingekho enye indlela kulesi simo, ngoba ekholelwa ukuthi umbhikisho womphakathi ngeke kusize. Lokhu kwaba isikhundla kombhali ku inganekwane. Lokho okushiwo yile umbhikisho Krylov njalo ngemibuzo, yayicabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka.

Ukuhlekisa zonke izinhlobo imizamo ovulekile we uhulumeni, eneka kubo njengoba isilwane imibuthano obize ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana impisi, amaphupho yokuba mdala imvu, Ivan A. siphawula ukuthi Wawuyini umbono izimvu phezu wokugcina kule "umhlangano" futhi "ukhohlwe" ukufunda ( " ukuhlangana zezwe "). Kulandele isiphetho okumunyu - uma dlakathi fanele kuze the "abantu abangaphili ngezimiso", noma ngayiphi indlela, ungathola iqhinga ukwenza "lokulungisa", lapho bafuna.

Ukungabi nabulungisa okubi, ngokuvumelana fabulist - umphumela hhayi kuphela ukuziphatha elonakele, kodwa isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona, eyayiholwa inkosi. Lona isikhundla kombhali ku inganekwane. Ngakho-ke, ngakho kakhulu usebenzela ezinikele iNkosi, Leo, isithombe nezenzo okuyinto abhekisela ngokucacile ukuba u-Alexander I guqula yakhe.

"Inhlanzi Dance"

Kuyaphawuleka, okokuqala kunakho konke, kuyinganekwane, "Inhlanzi Dance". Likhuluma ngamaphathi iNkosi Leo, ngubani yanquma eziphendula izikhalazo mayelana abenza okubi wena ukuya endaweni bese nibheka oda ekhona. Endleleni uhlangana ongumlimi-imeya, utakwakha umlilo gazinga kuwo izinhlanzi ezibanjwe amanzi. Lapho ebuzwa Leo ngalokho ayekwenza, indoda iyaphendula khukhumala ukuthi nguye "abantu umdala emanzini" wafika lapha ukuhalalisela iNkosi ukuvakasha.

imeya ukuthopha hits target, neNkosi Leo alikulahli lokhu umfana ngoba umthetho, kodwa ulalela inkulumo yakhe zamanga bathembane mayelana nendlela uyalikhathalela izidingo zabantu bakhe. Kukhona ngokucacile guess isikhundla kombhali ku inganekwane - ibhekisela u-Alexander I, owathanda ukuhamba kuleli zwe futhi zifa babekholelwa yiyo yonke into wathi nasezincekwini zakhe ensimini.

Lokhu ukufana Kwaphawulwa ngisho emibuthanweni uhulumeni ukuthi ziye zathi inganekwane futhi bavunyelwe ukuba kushicilelwe kuphela kodwa zasibekela umbandela wokuthi Leo lachazwa Guardian kahle isiphetho abantu. Nokho, lokho okushiwo iSikhumbuzo inganekwane kuyinto ebanzi kakhulu kunalokho nje ngabanye ukuchayeka eNgophezukonke. Krylov wafuna ukubonisa isici sonke isimo oda kwezenhlalo, lapho inkosi uhlezi phezu yiphini lakhe futhi qakala nobunzima ukuswela abantu.

"Izimvu ezimanakanaka"

Esikhathini inganekwane "ezimanakanaka Sheep" Ivan Andreevich nangokubhuqa okungenani esinesihlungu ngesikhathi u-Alexander I, ngigxilisa bazenzisa kanye naye ngalo ngonya futhi ngokukhohlisa Burke Freethinkers, kuyilapho ngokuzenzisa eveza uzwela yayo izisulu! isikhundla lombhali kuleli inganekwane kuyinto esobala kakhulu, ngakho ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe ibuye uvinjelwe, yanyatheliswa kuphela ngemva kokufa Krylov.

Ivan Andreyevich, ukuhlekisa nangobudlova ngendlela enesihluku futhi nokucindezela uMbusi kanye nabasizi bakhe, Nokho uvukile, ngokumelene kakhulu kwalesi simiso esingenabulungisa, ngokumelene ohlanga ngokwayo, kodwa ayethanda ukuhlala izikhundla zemfundo yabo, bekholelwa ukuthi amakhosi ohlanga kungaba okufanelekile, uma nje imithetho uhlakaniphile futhi nje EnguMbusi. Ngenxa uthisha kweqiniso, wayezama ukuthuthukisa uhlelo ekhona ngokufunda kwabo. isikhundla lombhali kuleli inganekwane njalo wabonisa obala ukuthi siqala kungukufanekisa.

umsebenzi Sikhungo lezinganekwane

izinganekwane Krylov bakhetha zabo, hhayi nje njengomuntu satirist, olwela ne ukungapheleli kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo. Wayeqiniseka ukuthi kwesiyalezelo kungashintshwa for ukuziphatha komuntu, ngakho emisebenzini yakhe kukhona njalo zokuziphatha. Ivan A. lidalula okuyize, kuvilapha, ubuvila, ukuntula ulwazi, ukuziqhayisa, ubuzenzisi, nokuzidla, wobugwala, nokuhaha. Wenza kumnandi balabo abangaqinile kuphela ababefuna inzuzo ngezithukuthuku zabanye, kodwa futhi zonke izinhlobo bengavilaphi futhi bunglers.

Njengoba isibonelo Trishka ukuthi fiphaza iwubuphukuphuku ngokwayo elingenamikhono ( "Trishkin elingenamikhono"), Miller, ogama ngobudedengu kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi "amanzi edamini prososala" Bear, ongakwazanga ukusebenza, futhi ngenxa yalokho wabhubhisa eziningi birch, hazel kanye Elm.

"Indlovu futhi Pug"

Esikhathini inganekwane "The Elephant kanye Pug" Inja isithombe elifanekisela abantu abathanda ukukhangisa ngokwabo, nakuba empeleni ngalutho. Indlovu isithombe lidlulisela ubuhle kanye nokubaluleka umuntu umele. Lona isikhundla kombhali e inganekwane Krylov sika "The Elephant kanye ithanga-izinja." Indlovu ukunakekelwa ngubani ugazi kuye, Barks, wags umsila wakhe. Ukukhuluma Shawky, Pug imtshela ukuthi nakuba Barks ngesikhathi indlovu, empeleni imizamo yayo kungukuthi ziqondiswe ke - baqondiselwa ngezinye izinja. Ngakho isifuna kubo umxhwele, ukukhombisa ukuthi akukho lutho uyesaba, ngisho indlovu. Ngokumangalisayo, empilweni mathuluzi ngempela kungaba sifinyelele lo mgomo. Krylov wakwazi ukubonisa umzamo indlela okungenangqondo futhi iwubuphukuphuku ethangeni-izinja nokuthi izinja eziwubuwula, ezisizungezile ke, thatha lesi senzo njengoba zinjalo. isikhundla lombhali kuleli inganekwane "The Elephant kanye Pug" siwukuthi nakuba abantu abafana ethangeni-izinja, futhi ngokuvamile abakwazi ukwakha umsindo ababemzungezile, kuhlale kuwukuhlakanipha baqonde lokho kuwufanele.

"Ziyakukhetha umakoti"

Esikhathini inganekwane "umakoti ziyakukhetha" Ivan Andreyevich ephethwe i imivimbo embalwa ngqo zibonisa umlingisi ejwayelekile kakhulu futhi kuyiqiniso. "Kwendle" umakoti kwendle kanye Puffy. Wenza nezimfuneko zakhe ayethembisene esekelwe iziyalezo engabhaliwe of wokuziphilisa umphakathi babheka umshado njengesibopho kuthengiselana. Ukuze uthole umakoti, ngisho "preznatnye" ukhetho - "hhayi ngabelusi kanye zhenishonki". Kudingeka futhi ukuthi kukhona okungalunga nomkhwenyana bayakuthanda futhi akazange alinge ukuba nomona, une inkululeko ephelele ezibophweni zokuziphatha.

I inganekwane umsindo amazwi bukhoma amakilasi nomphakathi futhi kwezakhi kwezenhlalo, ngamunye ephethe ithoni ayo futhi upende, ikakhulukazi inkulumo. Fabulist ukuboniswa abameleli ukuzibonakalisa eziningi, isikhundla lahlukene esiveni :. Abalimi, abanikazi bamazwe, abathengisi, lezi zakhamuzi zazenza, abelusi, CAB, njll Lapho echaza nye of them sebenzisa amagama okhokhelwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-inganekwane of "-Merchant" iqhawe enkulumweni yakhe, usebenzisa professional isitsotsi amazwi, kanye into ethile nesilwane ngobala-wobunxiwankulu ( "ukuqeda", "sotnyazhka", "fuse", "olushek" et al.). Nokho, lezo zibonelo Ivan Andreyevich namanje ngempela ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi wasebenzisa ulimi kazwelonke, ogama ingcebo kufezwa ngokusebenzisa amafomu ahlukahlukene kanye phraseology.

Krylov, ngomunye wabokuqala bazizuzela idumela emhlabeni wonke (zikhona abalobi engqondweni). Abaningi lezinganekwane wakhe ezinsukwini zokuphila kwakhe aziphiweyo ka-Ivan Andreyevich zahunyushelwa olimini izilimi zaseYurophu. Manje baziwa futhi abathandwa abantu abaningi CIS, abakhuluma izilimi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu ahlukene. Fable ukufunda kokubili abadala kanye nezingane.

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