Ithempeli blachernitissa oNgcwele Umama e Kuzminki (eMoscow)

Ukuze umndeni Stroganov abathengisi sake elula Pomor abalimi, 1716, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi enzima kakhulu. Joke, kuphelile ukwakhiwa zesonto, ngokukhethekile esakhiwe isithonjana, yake yakhononda kuye of Merit yi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich! Kuyinto lokhu isithonjana Our Lady of Blachernae, wanika igama layo esontweni, lapho aqhubeka selokhu, futhi emzaneni, okuyinto waziwa ngokuthi Vlakhernskoe.

Umsuka isithonjana

Igama isithonjana livela egameni ukuthi ingxenye omkhulu waseConstantinople, okuyinto yake ethempelini lo shrine. Ngaphansi ukusekelwa wakhe kwakungekhona nje eConstantinople, kodwa wonke waseByzantium. Lwemilando ukuthi bayolandisa nesikhathi kanjani, ngonyaka 626 imithandazo, wenyukela ngaphambi kokuthi uphawu, oNgcwele uNina kaNkulunkulu ukulondolozwa emzini ukumelana abahlaseli. Ngemva kwamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, isivele eRussia, amandla kwaso ngokuyisimangaliso iyobonakaliswa ngesikhathi ubhubhane ikholera ngo-1830. Liye lagcina bonke abakhileyo Kuzminok lapho ayekhona, futhi bonke abakhileyo emaphandleni aseduze kusukela isifo esibi.

lokhu isithonjana wawungajwayelekile. Ukudalwa kwawo kuthiwa kubangelwa umvangeli Luka, owayephila futhi omunye abaphostoli bakaJesu Kristu. Isithonjana senziwe impumuzo futhi voskomastiki ubuchwepheshe eliyingqayizivele. Faka kwaba iqiniso lokuthi wax sengezwe razmelchonnye izinto ezingcwele zosanta. Isithombe obakheka ngale ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi reliquary.

Ukubukeka isithonjana eRussia

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekhulwini V Kwathi eConstantinople, bese inhlokodolobha emhlabeni yobuKristu, futhi ukusuka lapho eyaziwa - oNgcwele Mount Athos. Ngo-1654, izindela Athonite waliyisa eMoscow bewanikela umbusi zenzisa u-Alexis, futhi yena, anikezwe engcwele Stroganov. Ukuze uphawu futhi isonto lokhuni Our Lady of Blachernae yayakhiwe.

Kodwa ezingavamile isonto lokhuni uwela impilo ende. Lelibandla wema eyishumi nesithupha kuphela futhi kwashiswa umlilo, kodwa Intando KaNkulunkulu isithonjana eziyigugu wasinda. Ngawo lowo nyaka, kokuba ethandaza ebonga yombhishobhi isinqumo, waqala ukwakhiwa isonto elisha, futhi izinkuni, kodwa wayelinde nxi njengoba wangaphambili. Ngo 1758 ngenxa "umlilo ezazidilikile winded," kulapho ahlongakala khona. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi engcwele kwenziwa komlilo.

Ukwakhiwa isakhiwo itshe isonto

Ngesikhathi izindlu stroganoff umndeni umlilo Kuzminki lidlule ku yifa womndeni Ukubala Golitsyn. Inzalo Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, baye amakhulu eminyaka waba kuwumgogodla uhulumeni. Kulo nyaka iyona engamakhulu ayisithupha kusukela baqala inkonzo yabo.

Ngemva konyaka, yaqala ukwakhiwa yesonto itshe kuyo leyo ndawo lapho bema esontweni zishiswe. Dala iprojekthi kanye nokugcinwa usebenza Earl ethunywe umakhi IP Zherebtsov, obethi futhi wahlanganyela ezinjenge futhi kabusha yonke izindlu. Wangena umlando izakhiwo, njengoba emelele we isitayela Baroque. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama lakhe lihlotshaniswa isiqondiso, elika ekuseni eMoscow classicism. Iminyaka eminingi wayenesifo abaqondiswa wonke umsebenzi wokwakha on ifa.

izici ezakhiwo ibandla elisha

Itshe isisekelo zamahhashi okwakha ithempeli ukubeka lukaKhisimusi amasonto Russian tetrahedral aphansi ingxenye ezaziphase isakhiwo, futhi kwakhulisa phezulu isigubhu octagonal. eyakhelwe Ngakho amabandla amaningi Orthodox waseRussia. lokhuni octagonal isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi Yakhiwa eseduze. Zonke umhlobiso esontweni senziwe isitayela Baroque. Ngo 1762, ukwakhiwa kwaphothulwa lonke, kodwa sekugcineni waya emuva iminyaka eyishumi nambili.

Kuzminki izindlu kwaba ukuziqhenya Ibala Golitsyn, futhi ngcono yayo, abazange onga imali. Ngo 1784 bacelwa ukuba edumile wezakhiwo eMoscow RR Kazakov, umfundi odumile V I. Bazhenova, ezazisebenza naye kwi-project Esikhulu ezibiyele Palace. Waqala ukuvuselelwa kwethempeli, ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko yezakhiwo isikhathi.

ukuvuselelwa kwethempeli

R. P. Kazakov washintsha tetrahedral wokwakha uhlelo main ukuba isiyingi, kwakheka uhlobo isigubhu, futhi overbuilt isahluko phezulu. Ezinhlangothini ezine isakhiwo babe iminyango nge izinyathelo zokuhlobisa kanye imipheme. Phelelisa le jikelele Ukwakheka embhedeni itshe bell tower. Kanjalo blachernitissa ethempelini oNgcwele Umama e Kuzminki atholwe zezinkulumo ezijwayelekile.

Phakathi neMpi 1812, ithempeli usebhekene ekubhujisweni eside. Bona Kwebiwe izinto plate isonto nezimpawu. Kwakukhona ubufakazi ekhuluma izimo eziningi ezingcwele benziwa amasosha French. Ngesikhathi isimemo Golitsyn umsebenti wakhe ukubuyiselwa abaklami engcono. Ngo-1819 yena waba ngayingcwelisa yesonto kabusha ngokuphelele St. Sergiya Radonezhskogo. Nokho, umsebenzi ethempelini eyathatha iminyaka embalwa. Abaphila Besikhathi wabhala mayelana ongavamile zemabula iconostasis e lomkhawulo. Ngenhla kwakungisiza bamatshe engcono zwe. Samenyelwa amakhosi adumile Ural.

Kunobufakazi kakhulu ukuthi blachernitissa ethempelini oNgcwele Umama e Kuzminki njalo e emehlweni abantu omkhaya yokubusa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1828, iNdlovukazi uMaria Fedorovna ezinikelwe ukuhlobisa izithonjana ibhroshi eliyigugu nangamaparele namadayimane. Ngo 1858 ethempelini wavakashelwa uMbusi u-Alexander II. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlu Kuzminki wabona nabanye abameleli abaningi zeNdlu Romanov. Kusukela 1859 ithempeli seliphelile ethuneni umndeni Golitsyn. Eminyakeni yokuqala yekhulu XX ke kwaphinde abuyiselwe ngayingcwelisa.

Isiphetho esontweni emva kwempi

Ngemva revolution blachernitissa isonto oNgcwele Umama e Kuzminki wabelane isiphetho ezindaweni eziningi yokukhulekela eRussia. Ngokwezwi nezwi igama elithi kule minyaka yokuqala abameleli iziphathimandla yizwe elingakholelwa kuNkulunkulu ashaqe zonke izinto eziyigugu izinto plate sesonto. Lapho ukwakha ithempeli ekugcineni ivaliwe, isithonjana ngokuyisimangaliso washukumiseleka ukuba Church of the Dormition e Vishniac, futhi lapho liyeke ukusebenza, isithonjana wayiswa Tretyakov Gallery, izimali kulo kugcinwa kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngo-1929, Dome sabhidlizwa, kwathi isakhiwo lavuselelwa angaphezu ukuqashelwa, okwenza kube ibe ikhaya iholide. Phezu kwawo wonke nenkathi yamaSoviet ke ukuvalelwa futhi izakhiwo zezimboni, futhi esiteshini esincane sikagesi transformer, namakilasi. izindonga zaveza ngokugcwele futhi stucco imihlobiso kwabhujiswa. Ubuhlungu benhliziyo ligcwala uma ubona izithombe ithempeli leyo minyaka.

nokuzalwa kabusha

Eminyakeni eyalandela kabusha, amasonto amaningi Orthodox waseRussia babebuyela amakholwa. Kwabe sekuqala inkathi okwakungenziwa ukuqonda zomlando. Kwakudingekile ukuvuseleleka lokho emashumini okwalapha ubhujiswe. Usizo enkulu kulokhu, futhi iziphathimandla zikahulumeni futhi ezihlukahlukene izinhlangano zomphakathi yezwe. Restorers futhi wangena ethempelini blachernitissa Umama Engcwele ephelele Kuzminki. Wayelethwa efakwe ohlwini lezinto ukuthi ibuyiselwe kuqala. Yena lengamela umsebenzi umakhi EA Vorontsova. Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu abakhi kanye restorers wabuya esontweni ngayo kuqala. Ngo-1995 yena waba ngayingcwelisa, kanye amasonto amaningi Orthodox waseRussia.

Impilo zebandla namhlanje

Namuhla, ithempeli isikhungo ngobukhulu zenkolo namasiko. Lapho siphela isikole ngeSonto futhi isikole Catechesis abantu abadala kanye nezingane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona umtapo, umnyango livulekele wonke umuntu. Ngo isakhiwo esihlukile ifakwe ifonti yokubhapathiza abadala. Thanda amasonto amaningi leSonto Lobu-Orthodox, kwaba yindawo lapho wonke umuntu angakwazi ukuthola ulwazi mayelana izisekelo zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni, sekungamashumi amaningi eminyaka, cishe ivaliwe uquqaba.