Ivan 3: Imiphumela kweBhodi futhi ifa

Phakathi izikhulu eMoscow ivelele Ivan 3. Imiphumela nokubusa koMbusi iyamangalisa ngempela. Wakwazi hlanganani azungeze eMoscow cishe kuwo wonke amazwe Russian. Lapho ekugcineni lehla ijoka-Mongolian. Lezi kanye nezinye impumelelo Ivan baba sibonga kungenzeka Ukuhileleka kwakhe nezimo nokuhlakanipha.

Isimo sezombusazwe

Ivan Iii wazalwa ngo-1440 e umndeni eMoscow Grand Prince Vasily Ebumnyameni. Uyise kwadingeka cishe zonke wokubusa kwakhe esalwa izihlobo - contender ukuthola ubukhosi. Phakathi ukuxabana, Basil waba impumputhe futhi iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe cishe ehlatshwa. Indodana endala, u-Ivan baba amehlo akhe nezindlebe. Kusukela esemncane indlalifa wafunda kwakarhulumende. Zonke amakhono azitholile lapho uyise wamsiza esikhathini esizayo, lapho Grand Duke kwadingeka ngenze izinqumo ezinzima futhi enesibopho.

Njengoba ukufa Vasily e-1462 eqala ukubusa Ivan 3. imiphumela yokubusa kayise, naphezu zombango, ayekhuthazana. Moscow baba Russian isikhungo zezombusazwe main. omakhelwane bawo babeyizimpisi zolotaya Orda, Tver futhi ubukhulu Ryazan, eLithuania nase Novgorod Republic. Zonke lezi uthi kuye kwadingeka izingxabano ngezikhathi ezithile kanye ezibiyele, ngakho-Ivan Vasilyevich kwadingeka eminyakeni yokuqala wokubusa ukujwayela inhlokomo njalo kule inqubomgomo angaphandle.

Fight nge Lithuania

Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi wokuthi amaMongol umthetho, eMoscow ephethwe yokuhlanganisa iningi ezweni okuqondene enyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia. Lezi zindawo esigodini sifinyelela engenhla iVolga futhi owumthelela wawo Oka. Nokho, entshonalanga kwakunomuntu amandla ezingase ube isikhungo ehlukile Russian.

Kwaba Lithuania, okuyinto, naphezu ilungelo lwamakhosi Lithuanian yaphawula iningi labantu lalinabashumayeli esempumalanga lwamaSlav. Ngo XIV-XV eminyaka. ngalesi simo sesiqhubeke rapprochement ne Poland Katolika. Amazwe amabili baye baphetha nenyunyana wadala Rzeczpospolita. Ukuze inyunyana entsha eyathatha Izicukuthwane Novgorod, eliholwa Marfa Boretskaya. Lezo ayikwazanga ukuvimbela wokubusa Ivan 3. Ezenye kaKesari luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngempela uyazi usongo Polish-Lithuanian futhi wazama zonke indlela ukushaya imbangi yakhe ngendlela "emazweni Ubutha 'isinyathelo esisodwa.

Ukuqedwa we Novgorod Republic

Ngo 1471 Novgorod iSikhulu eMoscow impi. Ngokusho ukuzimela ukuthula sivumelwano Korostynskomu ngaphansi kwesizwe republic sika kusukela ezibiyele siqinisekisiwe. Lokhu ebucayini wathulisa kafushane isimo.

Ivan kwadingeka izinhloli abaningi Novgorod, owayegade nemizwelo Izicukuthwane wendawo. Lapho betshela isikhulu mayelana umzamo omusha ukuthumela yinxusa enkosini Polish, e Moscow, kwanqunywa ukuba usebenzise lesi ukukhashelwa njengezaba zokubalekela impi. Novgorod cishe umaluju ngaphandle kokulwa. Ngakho 1478 ekugcineni unamathisele isithombe isimo Russian. Uphawu oyinhloko nenkululeko lendawo inhlangano insimbi wayiswa eMoscow.

ngokujoyina Tver

Libuye kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni nabanye omakhelwane isinyathelo Ivan 3, imiphumela ibhodi eyabonisa ukusebenza kwenqubomgomo yayo nolaka. Ezinsukwini wayeneminyaka abaphikisi eyinhloko eMoscow Tver. Wangaleyo nkathi iyeza, isemva kwethu, futhi manje umbusi waleli ubukhulu Mikhail Borisovich wazama ukuyekethisa ne Kremlin. Lapho Ivan eseyinsizwa, eseshadile ukuze udadewabo umbusi Tver uMariya. Lo mbhangqwana kwadingeka indodana eyodwa. Naye wanikelwa okuthiwa u-Ivan. Ohlangothini kwabakhulelwe, lo mfana olwa isihlalo sobukhosi Tver.

Lapho uMichael wazama ukuba ahambe rapprochement ne Poland, Ivan wabe eseya wasebenzisa ibutho eyinhloko-dolobha yakhe. Tver isikhulu, beqaphela nathemba yesikhundla sakhe, wabaleka phesheya. Ngakho 1485, u-Ivan kwaba ukwazi ukujoyina ifa lakhe ngaphandle kwempi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhundla ngaphansi kwesizwe maqondana eMoscow kwakukhona "ezimele" amadolobha Russian - Pskov futhi Ryazan. Le mpumelelo kuyimiphumela wokubusa Ivan 3. thebula libonisa izenzakalo main ezihlobene nokubusa kwakhe.

Ukuphela kwejoka khan

Enye impikiswano ebalulekile isikhathi eside kwaba lwesiTatar-Mongol usongo wonke wabantu Russian. Kwaphela isikhathi eside le khans eqoqwe inkokhiso evela ezikhulwini Slavic. Ngo 1380, Dmitry Donskoy wahlasela AmaTatar e Battle of Kulikov. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ithonya labo kwaba buthaka kakhulu, okuholela kwehlukana zezombusazwe e Golden zidlamlilo. Izici and umphumela wokubusa Ivan 3 ezazisemizini isinqumo sokugcina le nkinga.

I Khan zokugcina, wazama ukwenza owumthelela kwabo isikhulu eMoscow, kwaba Khan Big zidlamlilo Akhmat. Akasenalo ephethwe eSiberia, eCrimea Nogais, njengoba ezazingaphambi kwayo, kodwa kwaba namanje yingozi. Ngo 1480 waya kwemashi eMoscow. Ivan waya kubonise isitha squads led. Amabutho amabili zazilwa ezinhlangothini lomfula Ugra, futhi ungalokothi phezulu Battle of manqikanqika Ahmat. Eqaphela ukuthi akakwazi sdyuzhil nesikhulu, waphenduka. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, ijoka Tatar-Mongol wagcina yehlile. Imiphumela wokubusa Ivan 3, ngamafuphi, walala yokuthi wakwazi ukuvikela eMoscow kusukela izinsongo angaphandle. Isikhulu washona ngo 1505, predicated ku ngokunqoba kwabo kanye impumelelo.