Ivan Peresvetov nemibono yakhe zefilosofi

Kusukela ngekhulu XVI beza kithi imibhalo lesibonwa olwasungulwa Ivan Peresvetov - omunye wongqondongqondo abakhulu kwenkathi Ivana Groznogo. Ngesikhathi lapho ephikisayo ukuthi ukuyiveza nonya kakhulu, wayeba naso isibindi sokungena ukuveza imibono ephikisana imibono esemthethweni isimo. Ulwazi mayelana nokuphila kwakhe umuntu ilinganiselwe kakhulu, komthombo which they zathathwa, babe izingoma zakhe siqu, wenza igama lakhe kwimemori yizizukulwane ezizayo.

Izikhungo e amabutho waqasha

Peresvetov Ivan Semenovich kwaba bomdabu bamazwe Lithuanian, futhi afinyelele ebudaleni, waba isosha professional. Of izicelo ezimbili, eyabhalwa kuye egameni Ivan le Kubi, kuyaziwa ukuthi eko ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVI, yena neqembu yabakhulu Polish waba yisosha Hungarian of INkosi uJan ugcwalise. Ngokusobala, sikhuluma isevisi esiqashiwe, ezivame kangaka ngalezo zinsuku.

Provoevav ngaphansi amabhanela ugcwalise eminyakeni embalwa, Ivan wangena inkonzo nje umphikisi wakhe - le nkosi Czech uFerdinand I ka Habsburg. Isizathu kwaba noshintsho inqubomgomo Polish King Sigismund mina, isihloko okwakunzima Ivan Peresvetov. Ngemva komunye ngesikhathi esifushane isiphetho oye zamfaka bebutho inkosi iMoldavian uPetru IV, yena iqhaza emikhankasweni eziningana.

Ngo amandla Boyar sama

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isicelo sakhe, wathi ku namathathu banesifo esibi ngasekupheleni, wafika enhloko-dolobha yombuso eMoscow. Kube waphathiswa ukuphakela ibutho usethe ukukhiqizwa izihlangu ukulwa, kodwa le phrojekthi wazibonakalisa zingafezeki ngenxa iphutha boyars Owadala ngenkathi iqembu elibusayo kuleli zwe. Kungakhathaliseki bagubha eyigugu kangaka izinhliziyo zabo ubushiqela noma imali nje intshontshiwe, kodwa wahlala Ivan Peresvetov kungasebenzi, kodwa ibutho angamaqhawe - ngaphandle izihlangu.

Uma eMoscow ngokushesha sinqwamana nabantu umonakala ukubonakaliswa isimo amandla engalawuliwe Boyar, yena laveta kuvisisa ezijulile konke kubonakala futhi bazama ukuthola izindlela ukuze uxazulule izinkinga. zibona yaKhe ubeka ephepheni efomini izicelo uhambisa kulabo ababebusa izwe egameni ke usana Tsar u-Ivan IV. Kodwa ngubani owayezoba ngamandla ngesikhathi isikhathi amaseva akazange ngalutho nemicabango, kanye emaphepheni ahanjiswe kubo aziphendulwanga.

Ukugxekwa eMoscow boyars

Ivan Peresvetova izicelo leyo minyaka akazange afinyelele kithi, ngisho iqiniso lokuthi ayekhona ngokoqobo, sekuyisikhathi eside ngemibuzo. ososayensi ucwaningo kuphela kwekhulu XX isikuqinisekisile ubuqiniso balo. Namuhla, kulahlwe mlando imisebenzi Peresvetova, lebhaliwe nokwenzeka kamuva, lapho amachwane u-Ivan IV efinyelela eminyakeni yobudala, amenze ukuba abuse izwe bebodwa. Libhekisela ekupheleni forties kwekhulu XVI. ifa etemibhalo lombhali kuhlanganisa amaqoqo amabili - edition ephelele futhi akuphelele.

Okuqukethwe main yemisebenzi Ivan Peresvetova ngandlela-thile sehliselwe ukugxeka of izikhulu ephakeme, ezilahla ngokuntula kwakhe izimiso kanye ukuwohloka kwesimilo, umphumela zazo obenziwa namthetho okwandile. Azizondayo kubo "voinnikov abampofu kodwa onesibindi". Lokho abantu ukukhonza, bakha ukusekela isimo kweqiniso. imibono Social futhi yefilosofi Ivan Peresvetova kakhulu efanayo inhliziyo aphansi zamatshe izinduna - ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Kuzo, ekhuluma njengenhlangano ideologue ka Muscovite autocracy. A ebomvu ngokusebenzisa yonke imibhalo yakhe eza isihloko isidingo "amandla esesabekayo yasebukhosini."

Ukugqilazwa isitha futhi ukunqotshwa

Nokho, imisebenzi Ivan Peresvetova ngokuvamile wazwakalisa imicabango ukuthi awahambisani nemigomo eyisisekelo ohlelweni isimo ngaleyo nkathi. indawo Lobalulekile kubo ukulahlwa kuwo wonke amafomu ingqongqo futhi ukugqilazwa kwezakhi aphansi emphakathini. Ibhalwe njengendlela ingxabano eyinhloko unikeza amazwi eBhayibheli bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsuka wawo noma ubuzwe - kuyinto "Izingane nika Adam", ngakho-ke akufanele ifa eqinile ababuthakathaka. Ngokusho kwakhe, zonke kokugqilazwa kwenzeka ngokugqugquzela diabolical.

Imiqondo eveziwe emibhalweni yakhe, nesibindi ngokungavamile futhi ayikwazanga kodwa ukuvusa ngokufutheka nabaphikisi. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Ivan Peresvetov umangalele ukuthi iqiniso lwezwe ubulungiswa ngenhla nenkolelo engokwenkolo. ukuqhathanisa okunjalo ngokumelene naye ingxenye enkulu yabefundisi kulokhu. Nokho nomaye eMoscow State, wachaza kwaba ukuntuleka iqiniso, okuyinto luphakanyisiwe ngesibindi esingaka ngenhla zonke izindinganiso ezingokomoya.

amathiphu uMbusi

Ngo nezicelo zabo, wathumela Ivanu Groznomu esikhathini lapho kakade ngokuqinile wathatha amandla ezandleni Peresvetov uthatha inkululeko yokuba aluleka le nkosi e elawula izwe. Maye inkosi kubhekwe ukuthi kudingekile ukuba uholwe kubo, bekulokhu impikiswano yesayensi ekhulwini XIX. Ikakhulukazi, isazi-mlando esidumile Karamzin yabhekisela iqiniso lokuthi eziningi zalezi lokho Peresvetov wabhala, wathola isibonisi langempela kunqubomgomo yenkosi, kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwaba nje ukuqondana kwezinto noma ilungu lasebukhosini akusho bangafuni imicabango isakhamuzi, ke kuseyimpicabadala.

Lokhu kungenziwa kuboniswa yilesi sibonelo yokunqotshwa Kazan umbuso, Kwasetshenziswa e 1552. Iqiniso lokuthi Peresvetov emibhalweni yakhe, uvele njengenhlangano umsekeli oshisekayo ekulweni AmaTatar futhi ngempela wabhala ngesidingo ukuze balukhulume-dolobha yawo. Kodwa ukusho ukuthi Ivan Grozny wenza umkhankaso juqu kuthonywa izikhalazo zakhe, kungaba kancane ngamawala. Fight nombuso Kazan lwenziwe kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu xv, futhi mhlawumbe kwaba phetho umphumela ukuthini lezi zicelo.

Libuye indima ngempela impikiswano e nokubhalwa Peresvetova ngo-1550 Sudebnik - iqoqo imithetho isimo eRussia. Umqondo isidingo indalo yayo ngokuvamile atholakala lwezikhalazo, kodwa obusingethwe ukuphila kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi kwaba kancane ezahlukene.

Ngemibono yefilosofi Ivan Peresvetova ukulingana kwabo bonke abantu phambi kukaNkulunkulu, futhi inadmissibility ka kokugqilazwa basebephuma ukumelana Inqubomgomo yenkosi, nokuthi kubonakale ku Sudebnik kabani imithetho cha enqabela ukugqilazwa indoda ngendoda, kodwa nokulawula le nqubo kuphela.

Boyarsky indodana - Umphikisi lobugqila

By the way, kwizitatimende mayelana inadmissibility we-Singles isikhalazo izigqila Peresvetov wayengeyedwa. Emlandweni Russia langena igama lomunye owayephikisana ubugqila - Matveya Bashkina. Le ndodana Boyarsky limenyezelwe imbuka ezinonya inkonzo yokushumayela aluphoqelekile, futhi ekwenzeni imisebenzi ethile njalo yokuzithandela. Kusizinda Kepha yena, kufanele ake wakhe wonke serfs, abhubhise amadokhumenti usimisele size isimo engenamandla nomphakathi.

A ezihlukahlukene amafomu wokubhala imisebenzi Peresvetova

izikhumbuzo Literary okuqondene ngothi Ivan Peresvetova zahlukahlukene kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Uma sikhuluma izicelo oshiwo ngenhla Lesser futhi Omkhulu, owokuqala babo ngempela lesi sikhalazo - isicelo enkosini ukuze kuzuzwe ethize Imiphumela yesikhashana. Kulokhu, kwaba isicelo sosizo ukukhiqizwa panel, ahlomele impi. Uma siphendukela sicelosikhalo Big, akunzima ukuba uqaphele ukuthi le dokhumenti kuphakeme ezahlukene. Kwaqhamuka ongaqaqiwe indatshana zezombusazwe, inemiphumela imigomo amasu.

Okuhluke kakhulu njengoba injalo etemibhalo ke imisebenzi efana "The Legend of Magmet-Saltan" nesithi "Tale of Tsar uConstantine". Uma uthi nhlá, it has zonke izici izindaba abhalwe isitayela amaqhawe, kodwa sihlolisisa kuyacaca ukuthi imisebenzi abukhali lesibonwa ukuze kuqedwe imikhuba emibi kwakuvamile umphakathi, isitha okwakukhona Ivan Peresvetov. imibono yakhe okukulezi amanoveli Inkulumo yokuqala futhi kwezobuciko kakhulu. Ngezindlela eziningi zingabantu ngaphambi kwesikhathi babo.

Okuqukethwe main yemisebenzi Ivan Peresvetova ukucabanga ngokoqobo futhi ukukhomba ukukhubazeka yayo. Kulesi vein, umlobi ugxeka WaseByzantium uMbusi uConstantine, owaba obhekene yokuthi izwe kanye enamandla, kanjalo sibe isisulu kuya yizikhonzi abahahayo yokungathembeki, ukhathele futhi zibulale Magmet-Saltan. Kube ayicabangayo Sultan Muhammed II, ukunqotshwa kweConstantinople ngo-1453 ngokusobala. Kwakuyisikhathi uhlobo isixwayiso ngemiphumela yezwe nangobudlova engalawuliwe ababusi balo.

Kokuphila, kufihlwe amakhulu eminyaka

Akwaziwa nini futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo, odlule emhlabeni ngokukhulu ukudabukisa Ivan Peresvetov. Umlando wakhe iqukethe cishe akukho lwazi ukhonkolo. Omunye kungaba kuphela Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi yena neze eseqedile uhambo yakhe yasemhlabeni lapho kunokuthula nokuzola - babebaningi kakhulu uzwakalise yabo nemicabango alibheke. Lokhu ngokungaqondile waqinisekisa iqiniso lokuthi eminyakeni elandelayo kakhulu igama Peresvetova ukuyiveza isikhathi eside kanti la mavangeli. Njalo is eningi bonke abangekho wayesaba ukutshela iqiniso lapho sibhekene adingekayo.