Imfundo:Isayensi

Indaba ye-Organic, izici zabo kanye nokuhlelwa kwazo

Izinto eziphilayo - lezi yizinhlanganisela ezinokubumba kwazo i-athomu yeCarbon. Ngisho naseziqaleni zokuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali, zonke izinto zahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: i-mineral and organic. Ngalezo zinsuku kwakukholelwa ukuthi ukuze kuhlanganiswe indaba ephilayo Kubalulekile ukuba "amandla okuphila" angakaze abe khona, okuyizinto eziphilayo kuphela eziphilayo eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezivela emaminerali. Futhi kuphela ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 F. UFelder waphika umbono okhona futhi wakhiqiza i-carbamide e-ammonium cyanate, okungukuthi, wathola udaba oluvela emaminini. Emva kwalokho iningi labososayensi lwakhiwa i-chloroform, i-aniline, i-acetate nezinye izinhlanganisela eziningi zamakhemikhali.

Izinto eziphilayo zifakazela ukuthi kukhona izinto eziphilayo, kanti futhi ziyizinto zokudla eziyinhloko kubantu nasezilwaneni. Izinhlanganisela eziningi eziphilayo ziyizinto zokusetshenziswa ezimboni ezihlukahlukene - ukudla, amakhemikhali, ukukhanya, imithi, njll.

Namuhla, kwaziwa amakhemikhali angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30 eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, izinto eziphilayo Bamele iklasi elibanzi kakhulu lama-chemical compounds. Izinhlobonhlobo zamakhemikhali eziphilayo zihambisana nezakhiwo ezihlukile kanye nesakhiwo seCarbon. Ama-athomu e-Carbon abakhelene nawo ahlangene ngokuhlanganiswa okukodwa noma okuphindaphindiwe (kabili, kathathu).

Izinto eziphilayo. I-Chemistry.

Amakhemikhali e-Organic abonakala ngokuba khona kwezibopho ezihambisanayo ze-C-C, kanye nezibopho ezinama-povalent C-N, C-O, C-Hal, C, njll. Ukusabela okubandakanya izinto eziphilayo kunezici ezithile uma kuqhathaniswa namaminerali. Ekusebenzelaneni kwamakhemikhali angahlelekile, njengomthetho, ion ihlanganyele. Ngokuvamile ukusabela okunjalo kuyadlulela ngokushesha, ngezinye izikhathi ngokushisa okukhulu. Ekuphenduleni izinto eziphilayo , ama-molecule ngokuvamile ayahlanganyela. Kumele kuthiwa kulokhu, izibopho ezithile ezivalwe ziphukile, kuyilapho ezinye zakhiwa. Njengomthetho, lezi zindlela eziqhubekayo ziyaqhubeka kancane kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yokusheshisa kwazo, kubalulekile ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa noma ukusebenzisa i-catalyst (i-asidi noma isisekelo).

Izinto eziphilayo zakhiwa kanjani emvelweni? Iningi lama-organic compounds in nature lenziwa ngokwenziwa kwe-photosynthesis kusuka ku-carbon dioxide namanzi ku-chlorophyll yezitshalo eziluhlaza.

Amakilasi wezinto eziphilayo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo kusekelwe emfundisweni ye-Butlerov. Ukuhlukaniswa okuhlelekile kuyisisekelo sesimiso sezesayensi, okwenza kube lula ukubiza igama lohlobo oluqhubekayo, okuqhubekayo kwindlela ekhona yesakhiwo. Ukuhlukaniswa kusekelwe ezintweni ezimbili eziyinhloko - isakhiwo se-carbon skeleton, inombolo nendawo yamaqembu asebenzayo ku-molecule.

I-carbon skeleton yingxenye ezinzile ye-molecule yezindaba eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali . Kuye ngesakhiwo sayo, zonke izinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu.

I-Acyclic compounds ihlanganisa izinto ezinomshini oqondile we-carbon chain. Amakhemikhali e-Carbocyclic ahlanganisa izinto ezinemijikelezo, ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili - alicyclic futhi aroma. Ama-Heterocyclic compounds - izinto ezinama-molecule asekelwe emasongweni akhiwa ama-athomu e-Carbon nama-athomu amanye ama-chemical elements (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur), heteroatoms.

Futhi, izinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwamaqembu asebenzayo ayingxenye yama-molecule. Isibonelo, amakilasi ama-hydrocarbons (ngaphandle kwama molecule awo awasekho amaqembu asebenzayo), ama-phenols, ama-alcohols, amathoni, ama-aldehydes, ama-amine, ama-ether, ama-acids carboxylic, njll. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi iqembu ngalinye elisebenzayo (COOH, OH, NH2, SH, NH, NO) linquma izakhiwo ze-physicochemical zalesi sakhi.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 zu.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.