Iyini imali engenayo kazwelonke?

Imali engenayo kazwelonke iyinani elisha lomkhiqizo womphakathi ohlanganisiwe owenzelwe ngokomzimba ngokomkhakha wokukhiqiza izinto phakathi nonyaka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani lezimpahla ezidalwe ensimini yezwe libalwe, futhi ngemva kokuhlolwa kwalesi samba, izindleko zokuthi amabhizinisi asekhaya awenziwe ngesikhathi sokubika athathwe. Ngomusa, imali engenayo kazwelonke ihlanganisa yonke inqwaba yezimpahla ezikhiqizwayo kanye nezinto ezithengiswayo zonyaka. Lesi sibonakaliso sinesilinganiso sokukhula komnotho ezweni, futhi lisetshenziswe nguhulumeni ekubaleni isabelomali sonyaka ozayo, kanye nokuhlaziywa nokuthuthukiswa kwamasu amasha okuthuthukiswa.

Umlando

Imali engenayo kazwelonke njengegama elikhethekile laqalelwa nguKarl Marx, ngoba ngaphambi kwakhe ukucabanga kwezomnotho eNtshonalanga kwakungacabangi indlela yokukhiqiza umphakathi. Esikhathini esidlule, inkinga enjalo yathintwa yi-physiocrats, kuhlanganise no-Rene, kodwa ekwakhiweni kwe "Economic Table" babhekisela kuphela kwezolimo, ngakho ukuhlaziywa kobuningi bemikhiqizo kwakungalungile.

D. UCarardo no-A. Smith babengacabangi izindleko zezindlela zokukhiqiza nhlobo, ngakho-ke, inani lemali engenayo elitholwa ngabanikazi bamabhizinisi lalilinganiselwa emsebenzini wabo, ngaphandle kokucabangela izindleko ezithintekayo. Ngekhulu leminyaka lama-20, abacwaningi bendabuko abafaki nje inzuzo emkhakheni wokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi wamanye amagatsha - izikhungo zemfundo, ukuphathwa komphakathi kanye nokuzivikela, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ngakho-ke isibonakaliso sokuthuthukiswa komnotho sakhuphuka ngokwanele ngo 20-30%.

Ezweni lama-socialist ngokokuqala ngqa umqondo we "umcebo kazwelonke" usungulwa, kuhlanganise nokukhula komkhiqizo okhiqizayo, kodwa nemithombo yemvelo, kanye nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo nezingokomoya. Lesi sibonakaliso sezomnotho ngemali yezimali kubaluleka kwazo zonke izimpahla ezilinganisiwe emanani emakethe aphethwe nguhulumeni kanye nabakhamuzi bayo.

ERussia

E-Russia, ngokungafani namazwe aseNtshonalanga, imali engenayo kazwelonke isuke ihlanganisa kuphela izindleko zokukhiqizwa kwempahla, ngakho-ke lesi sibonakaliso se-macroeconomic asibheki ngemali engenayo evela kwezinye izimboni. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwawo akubandakanyi ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi, izimali ezitholakala ekuthengisweni kwempahla, kanye nezinzuzo zezikhungo zezokwelapha ezizimele.

Izindlela

Izomnotho zanamuhla zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubala le nkhomba. Okwokuqala kubo isekelwe kwimali engenayo etholakala emisebenzini yezomnotho, futhi ikhumbula inkokhelo yabakhamuzi, kanye nokwamukelwa yizakhamuzi zezintela nezindleko. Kodwa-ke, le mali isabelwe izinkokhelo emakhaya, abanikazi bebhizinisi kanye neziphathimandla zezimali. Indlela yesibili isekelwe ekubalweni kokukhiqiza, kanti inani eliphelele eliphelele lazo zonke izimpahla ezikhiqizwa amagatsha omnotho kazwelonke zibhekwa.

Isakhiwo

Imali engenayo yezwe okwamanje ibalwa ngefomula ekhethekile. Okokuqala, imali eyinhloko eyamukelwe izakhamuzi zombuso phakathi nesikhathi sokubika iyabalwa, bese inani lezimpahla ezidluliselwa phesheya ngemali noma ngomusa kuthathwe kubo. Kusukela kubonakaliso obonayo, abacwaningi bangabamba kuphela izindleko zabakhiqizi ekunciphiseni kwemishini. Isakhiwo esiphelele sihlanganisa umthamo wokukhiqiza okuphelele kanye nenetha, kanye nenkokhelo yabakhamuzi, njengengxenye ebaluleke kunazo zonke emali engenayo kazwelonke.