Izindaba neNhlangano, Umnotho
Uhlu lwezinhlangano endaweni ekhethekile yomnotho "Alabuga"
Ngo-2005, kulo lonke elaseRussia, izindawo ezikhethekile zezomnotho (SEZs), noma, ngamanye amazwi, izindawo zomnotho zamahhala (SEZs) zaqala ukuvela . Inhloso yokwakha izindawo ezinjalo ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wokukhiqiza wombuso noma izakhi zomuntu ngamunye wezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhloso zingase zibhekiswe ekhambi kwanoma yimiphi imisebenzi, okubandakanya ukuhwebelana kwangaphandle, ezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle, ezesifundazwe, ezesayensi nezokusebenza nabanye abaningi.
I-Alabuga, indawo ekhethekile yezomnotho yeRiphabhulikhi yaseTatarstan, nayo ingezokunye okuthuthukiswa kombuso. Mayelana nalo futhi sizoxoxwa kulokhu kulesi sihloko.
Iyini "i-Alabuga"?
Eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalombili edlule, into ebalulekile yadalwa endaweni yesifunda sase-Elabuga (i-Nizhny-Kamskaya agglomeration eRiphabhuliki yaseTatarstan) ngesinqumo sikaHulumeni waseRussia Federation. Leli yiyona ndawo ekhethekile kunazo zonke ezomnotho yocwaningo lokukhiqiza izimboni ("Alabuga") kulo lonke elaseRussia. Itholakala ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ukusuka enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia, futhi indawo yayo yi-hektare ayi-2000. Kungenzeka ukuthi le ndawo ingase ibe mkhulu, kodwa, ngokusho komthetho we-federal "Ezindaweni Ezikhethekile Zomnotho e-Russian Federation", indawo yezindawo ezinjalo ayikwazi ukudlula amahektha angu-4000.
Ukuba khona kwe-SEZ "Alabuga" kuzohlala kuze kube ngu-2054, njengoba lezi zindawo zidalwa iminyaka engama-49 kuphela, futhi akunakwenzeka ukwandisa lesi sikhathi. Kodwa okwesikhashana into leyo ingakwazi ukusebenzela kahle kakhulu inzuzo kahulumeni jikelele kanye nesifunda ikakhulukazi. Ngempela, endaweni ekhethekile yezomnotho "i-Alabuga" kunesimo esingokomthetho esiyingqayizivele esisusa ukulinganiselwa okuthile ngokwemisebenzi yezomnotho yamafemu angaphandle nakwamanye amazwe.
Inkampani yokuphatha yale SEZ yiJSC SEZ PPT "Alabuga". Abanikazi bamasheya: amashumi ayisithupha namaphesenti ayisithupha - I-JSC "Izindawo Zomnotho Ezikhethekile", amaphesenti angamashumi amathathu nane - uMnyango Wezemihlaba Nemikhawulo Yezakhiwo zeRiphabhlikhi yaseTatarstan.
Le ndawo yomnotho yavela kanjani?
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, "i-Alabuga" (indawo ekhethekile yomnotho) yasungulwa ekupheleni kuka-2005. Kodwa yini eyaphoqelela umbuso ukudala into enjalo?
Isidingo sokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nokuvulwa kwezitshalo ezinkulu kwafundwa ngokucophelela emva kokukhishwa komthetho ezindaweni ezikhethekile zomnotho. Izifunda eziningi zinesithakazelo kulezi zithemba. Izicelo ezingu-73 ze-SEZ zidalwa. Ngosizo lomncintiswano isayithi likhethiwe kusuka ku-Yelabuga. Ngakho wadalwa "i-Alabuga" - indawo ekhethekile yomnotho.
Abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi kungani iRiphabhliki yaseTatarstan inenzuzo ekwakhiweni kwe-SEZ. Konke kulula kakhulu - lesi sifunda singenye yezinto ezithuthukisiwe kulo lonke elaseRussia Federation. Kunamandla amakhulu ngokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe.
Incazelo emfushane
Uma sicabanga ukuthi umgomo oyinhloko wokudala indawo ekhethekile yomnotho ukuthuthukiswa kwesimo esihle emvelweni, kubonakala ukuthi kungani izinkampani zendawo nezangaphandle ziba yingxenye. Ukulandela ubudlelwane be "Alabuga" (izindawo ezikhethekile zomnotho) - amabhizinisi agxile ekukhiqizeni izimboni anika inzuzo ekuthuthukiseni yonke inkampani yonke.
Uma sicabanga ngalolu daba ngokubanzi, khona-ke inzuzo ebhizinisini uma ukutshala imali ku-SEZ ecacisiwe kusobala. Abahlanganyeli bathola izinzuzo ezikhethekile zentela, kanye nesakhiwo sezwe esilungiselelwe ngokugcwele ukulungiswa kwanoma imuphi umsebenzi. Le mathuba yisipho esilinga kakhulu. Labo abafisa ukutshala imali kwi-SEZ "Alabuga" kudingeka bazi ukuthi lemali encane isethwe ku-3 million euros.
Izakhiwo Zengqalasizinda Zezokuthutha Nezomthetho
Indawo yendawo ye-Alabuga (indawo ekhethekile yomnotho) inenzuzo kakhulu. Amamitha ambalwa ambalwa avela e-SEZ alele umgwaqo omkhulu we-M7. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ensimini yesikhungo kukhona igatsha lesitimela, ubude balo cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-5. Esiseduze yisiteshi sesitimela "Tikhonovo" (amakhilomitha angu-18 ukusuka ku-SEZ). Lezi zicaciso zenza kucace ukuthi ukulayisha noma ukulayishwa kwezimpahla ezidingekayo kungabangeli ubunzima, ngenxa yokuhamba kwezokuthutha.
Ngokuseduze kwesibhakela sezwe saseBegishevo - kuze kufike amakhilomitha angu-45 kuphela. Futhi eduze nendawo lapho kukhona khona nemigwaqo yamanzi - eKazzan, Naberezhnye Chelny naseChistopol kunamapayipi ohlobo olwandle-olwandle.
Ngokuqondene nezakhiwo zamasiko, kunezinqubo ezintsha, kufaka phakathi ukuphela kwesitimela, isiteji sesitsha nokunye okuningi. Ngaphandle kwala madivaysi, i-SEZ ayikwazi ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile.
Ingqalasizinda yebhizinisi nezamabhizinisi
Isikhungo sokuphatha kanye nebhizinisi sihlanganisa izindawo ezinjalo zengqalasizinda njengehhovisi lezokuphatha le-SEZ, izakhiwo zabahlanganyeli bomkhakha kanye nezinye izinto ezidingekayo (ihholo lesigungu, igatsha lasebhange, iposi, isikhungo sezokwelapha, indawo yokudlela, njll). Uhlelo lokuqinisekisa umsebenzi wezindawo zokukhiqiza nezakhiwo zokuphatha ezinamasevisi adingekayo ezinsizakalo zomphakathi kanye nezikhungo zisebenza njengesistimu eyodwa yokumisa.
Lolu hlelo lwakhiwe ngenhloso yokulula nokuxhumana okulula nezimo ezimele. Futhi, "IWindows One" inesibopho sokugcina indawo ekwazi ukuthuthukisa izindawo ezihlukahlukene zebhizinisi. Isiza sokuqala, esinezobuchwepheshe obufanayo, saba yi-SEZ "Alabuga", izindawo ezikhethekile zezomnotho zaseRussia zivame ukuhlolwa ezindaweni ezinjalo.
Ingqalasizinda yezimboni ihlelwe ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu: zonke izindawo eziphethe amabhizinisi zinokuxhumana okudingekile. Njengoba ubona, i-SEZ yenza konke okududuzayo abahlanganyeli bayo kanye nomsebenzi wabo osebenzayo.
Ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi ye-SEZ
Izinkomba zomsebenzi osebenzayo wendawo ekhethekile yezomnotho "i-Alabuga" ayiphenduliwe. Ama-ejensi amaningi ayazisa kakhulu imisebenzi ye-SEZ. Isibonelo, i-ejensi ethi "Rus-Rating" ichaza le nto njengokuzinzile nokuthembisayo. Ngenxa yeziphetho ezinjalo, kunezici eziningi ezicatshangelwayo: lokhu kungumlando wokuthuthukiswa kwe-SEZ, nendawo ekuthuthweni nasezindaweni zokuhweba, kanye nekhwalithi yezinto eziwusizo nezinto zokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izici eziningi ezithinta isikhundla se-zone kuzilinganiso.
Ngokweminye imibiko, umhlaba wezilwane endaweni ekhethekile yezomnotho akuyona indawo yokugcina. Uhlu lwababambiqhaza luhlanganisa amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene kakhulu amafemu asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, okwenza imisebenzi yakhe ukudala imvelo edingekayo kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Umthetho weRussian Federation ulawula izinkinga eziningi, isibonelo, ukunyamalala kwezinyoni. Indawo ekhethekile yezomnotho "i-Alabuga" ngosizo lwamabhizinisi athile kunomthelela ekunakekeleni imvelo.
Ingabe izimali zikhokha ku-SEZ?
Ngokungangabazeki, ukutshala izimali kulezi zakhiwo akusizi nje kuphela ukuthuthukiswa kwembonini, kodwa futhi kuletha ukubuyisa okuhle kubatshalali ngokwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhululwa kwezinhlobo eziningana zentela (umhlaba, impahla, ezokuthutha) kukhangisa kakhulu. Umbuso uhlinzeka ngokuqinisekiswa kwe-invariability yezinzuzo zentela, okuqinisekisa ukukhula okuqinile kwabathengi.
Inzuzo iphinde ikhokhwe intela encane. Eminyakeni emihlanu yokuqala, isilinganiso samaphesenti amabili nje kuphela, okwesibini amaphesenti amahlanu nesikhombisa, bese-ke, ngaphambi kokuphela kwamaphesenti angu-SE-15 nesigamu.
Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi yamasiko okwenziwe ngezimpahla zangaphandle kungasiza abatshala izimali ukuba balondoloze imali. Ukukhangiswa kwe-SEZ akungabazeki, futhi izinzuzo zayo kubahlanganyeli ziyabonakala.
Uhlu lwamabhizinisi omkhakha
Uma sicabangela ngokuningiliziwe into enjengezindawo ezikhethekile zezomnotho "i-Alabuga", uhlu lwezinhlangano luzobonakala lukhulu kakhulu. Isibalo sabatshalizimali sesivele sise-49. Futhi sinikezwe amathuba okuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi ngosizo lwaleli-SEZ, kunamathuba amaningi okukhula okwenziwe kubahlanganyeli.
Phakathi kwamafemu-amabhizinisi ezomabhizinisi asezimboni anqoba. Phakathi kwazo kukhona izakhamizi ezilandelayo:
- I-Ford Sollers Elabuga LLC yinkampani eyenza izimoto nama-SUV ngaphansi kwelayisense evela ku-Ford.
- LLC "I-White Dacha Alabuga" - ikhiqiza imikhiqizo yemifino nesaladi.
- LLC "NTC MSP" - ikhiqiza izinhlelo zokuhlanzwa kwezimoto zokukhipha izimoto.
- LLC "Amitek" - ukwakha amapayipi e-fiberglass.
- LLC "I-Bars Technology" - ikhiqiza amabhethri emoto.
- LLC "Heliotechnika Sirius" - ihlanganyela ekwakhiweni nasekudalweni amapaneli elanga.
- LLC "I-A-Star" - ikhiqiza imikhiqizo ye-starch evela ezintweni ezisetshenziselwa ukolweni.
Ngaphezu kwezinkampani ezibhalisiwe, kunenqwaba yezakhamuzi ezinomkhakha wezithakazelo ezihlukahluka ekukhuleni amakhowe ukukhiqiza izinto zokwakha. Phakathi kwabakhileyo kukhona kokubili amabhizinisi asendaweni (ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ezisebenza futhi ezinezindawo zokukhiqiza ensimini yeRussian Federation), kanye nabamele izinkampani zokukhiqiza zangaphandle.
Ekuphethweni
Amathemba okusebenza endaweni ye "Alabuga" ayinamkhawulo. Umsebenzi we-SEZ ubonisa ukusebenza kahle, ngakho-ke, ukutshalwa kwezimali kuleso sici kunenzuzo ecacile. Ukuxhaswa kwemali kahulumeni kunikeza iziqinisekiso zokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kuzo zonke izakhamizi ze-SEZ.
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