KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Iyini imiphumela eminingi etholakale kwendawo?

Ekupheleni KweNkathi Ephakathi intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe European kuye kwaholela ukuvela entsha imishini navigation nemikhumbi ngawo amatilosi Omdala Umhlaba waqala ukuvula ezweni elisha. Lezi izifundo ziye zaholela izinguquko ezinkulu yonke imikhakha yempilo yomuntu.

I-Conquest-Nguqulo Yezwe

I ekuqaleni kwenkathi ka omkhulu okutholakele ezindawo kubhekwe ngo-1492, lapho Hristofor Kolumb owathola iMelika. Cishe zonke ye-Nguqulo Yezwe kwathiwa ezibonakalayo Spanish. Ukuze izimoto European emazweni aphesheya engumthombo engenayo kanye izinsiza eziyindlala, kuhlanganise izinto zensimbi eziyigugu. Lobu buhlobo okubonisa ukuba Melika lalinabashumayeli imiphumela yokuqala Okutholakele Omkhulu Geographical. bamakoloni Spanish waphakamisela ngizoqothulwa lalolo hlanga noma abantu bendawo benza kwezigqila. inqubomgomo enjalo umonakala ukuthuthukiswa lonke izwekazi.

Iminyaka engu-150 kusukela ngo-ukubukeka esingabazi Melika, lapho abantu bezilimi zomdabu lancipha ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-15 izikhathi. I enamandla labantu besilisa Welusa isikhathi lapho siye ezimayini, lapho kwakufanele bahlale futhi basebenze ezimweni ezinonya. Ngenxa yalokho, kwehle wenzalo phansi amafomu kwezindlela zokulima ezivamile. Okunye imiphumela emibi okutholakele womhlaba - kubhubhane njalo izifo ezibulalayo European kuze amaNdiya.

Ukwehla lalolo hlanga of America

Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XVI abaseSpain waqala sselyat bendawo emizaneni ekhethekile etholakala eduze ezimayini. Laba bantu kwakufanele, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuze afeze imisebenzi yomphakathi, futhi ngakolunye - ukucinga nokuthengela imikhaya yabo ukudla siqu. Ukufika abaseSpain kuleli koloni lalilincane. Kancane kancane bakha stratum ekhethekile sabantu - baseYurophu kakade ozalwa kuyi-Nguqulo Yezwe, futhi cishe azange abe ubuhlobo lizwe unina. Laba bantu okuthiwa ezixubile. ungubani yabo iyagcinwa sibonga yokuthi ababehlala bathinteka amaNdiya.

Bendzawo is kwaluqeda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Wanyamalala wonke amaqembu ezinhlanga nezizwe. izilimi zendawo kwathathelwa indawo Spanish. Ngaphezu Creole, iqembu abayingxube - inzalo ka-imishado exubile phakathi baseYurophu kanye namaNdiya. Esikhathini XVII ekhulwini waqala inqubo efanayo ne alien abamnyama ukuthi uvele Melika ngenxa ukuhweba ngezigqila. Laholela mulatto. Ikakhulukazi ezinkulu emphakathini wabo kwavela Caribbean, kuhlanganise Cuba kanye Haiti, lapho umnotho ipulazi yanda.

cauldron yobuhlanga

Zonke izizwe (amaNdiya, abaseYurophu mulattos, abayingxube, Negros, ezixubile) lapho ivaliwe, zingabantu ngokuphongoza nomunye isimo labo elisemthethweni kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo. Ukuba khona castes umiselwe yimithetho wonke uMbuso Spanish. Imiphumela okutholakele kwendawo futhi waphetha ngokuthi isikhundla emphakathini umphakathi omusha wamakoloni, kodwa inhliziyo yayibukhuni ayinqunywa uhlanga lwakhe kanye nobuhlanga.

amalungelo Isihlobo okugcwele baseYurophu wathola ezixubile kuphela. Abayingxube, ngokuphambene, ayikwazanga mihlaba, abe isikhali, ukuphila emphakathini, nakuba bengakutholanga elingakanani ukukhonza inkonzo yabo yetemisebenti. Disenfranchised wonke zaziyiminyaka amaNdiya.

uphawu lobuKristu

Ukuqala kwendaba, imiphumela Okutholakele Omkhulu Geographical - konke lokhu kumele ente ngaphandle yisonto phezu ukuvulwa European-mpumalanga yezwe. I-Portuguese kanye abaseSpain aba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukuqalisa abeke YobuKatolika izifunda yanqoba of America. Abapristi ukubhubhisa ngamabomu namahlelo yobuqaba hhayi kuphela, kodwa kakhulu isiko lalolo hlanga ye-Nguqulo Yezwe. Labhujiswa izikhumbuzo lasendulo nezinye izimpawu zesikhathi esidlule wangaphambi kwezikhathi zobuKristu.

Ubonakaliswa nemiphumela ingcindezi Church of okutholakele ngokwebalazwe, umlando okuyinto emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka, kube liletha imibhikisho yokumelana kwabezizwe. nezibhelu avamile zaphoqa abapristi nababhishobhi eziningana ukushintsha inqubomgomo, okwenza kube ethambile futhi kube nokubuyisana ngaphezulu. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa isiko Indian esenyukele ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaselwa esibi abaMhlophe namanje wasinda futhi agcinwe.

Ukusebenza omnyama

INguqulo Yezwe Elisha owawuqondene baseYurophu umthombo izindodla imithombo. Ukuze isizinda sabo futhi ukukhiqizwa wawudinga izigqila. Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, abantu baseMelika kabuhlungu encishisiwe. Amancane amaNdiya wezigqila ayikwazanga ukuhlangabezana izicelo amadolobha amakhulu.

Isixazululo ukuthi le mpi kwaba ukuvela kwezindaba enqamula ukuhweba ngezigqila. Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XVI, kube kwakhiwa lonke uhlelo ukuze uthwebule izigqila eNtshonalanga Afrika kanye zokuhamba kwabo Melika (ikakhulu e-Brazil, Colombia, i-Caribbean Islands futhi US eningizimu). Iningi lawo bathunyelwe kusukela Congo Basin.

Ukulwisana ebugqilini

Ukuhlola umthelela okutholakele ezindawo (Ibanga 7), ehlala ngale ndaba, okuyinto akumangalisi uma ucabangela ubukhulu balo okwenzekayo eminyaka. Kulinganiselwa ahlukahlukene kokuxoshwa ngempoqo iminyaka 400 uye phansi abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-17. INhlangano yeziZwe ibheka enqamula ukuhweba ngezigqila njengoba omunye nokwephula kakhulu kwamalungelo wobuntu emlandweni.

Ukulwisana udlame olubhekiswe abamnyama owaqala ekhulwini XVIII. ENgilandi, izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo esintu kuqala, okuyinto unolwazi umphakathi mayelana nezimo ezinzima zokuphila zadalwa izigqila. sengqondo esingaqondile ubugqila kanye amaQuaker of America. Ushintsho lwenzeka ngemva abadumile Haitian inceku ukuvukela. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa iminyaka eyishumi nantathu (1791-1804 GG.). Ekugcineni, iziphathimandla French sebevumile ukunqotshwa wanika ukuzimela ikoloni.

ukuqedwa

Okunye kwemibuso yaseYurophu asabela ngayo ngalokho okwenzeke Haiti uqaphele. Kwacaca ukuthi ukwanda kwenani yezigqila kuyonezela isimo emazweni aseMelika kanye kuzoholela yempi eqhubekayo. Against kwale mizwa inceku enqamula ukuhweba phathelana kancane kancane ikhishiwe. Nokho, kwezinye izindawo oludala abangu iqedwe lula.

E-US, ukuhweba ngezigqila saqedwa ngo 1807. Nokho, lapho uhlala kakhulu yokugqilazeka. Kwakuthinta ekugcineni uyekwa kuphela maphakathi no-1860. Kuze kube yimanje, i-United States okwadingeka abhekane nakho kuqala ingxabano kwezomnotho bese wezempi enyakatho ezimbonini kanye eningizimu nceku ithi, ezichithekile ku yombango eyachitha igazi eliningi. Kugcine ukuhweba izigqila ezivela e-Afrika ngo-1888, ezaqedwa ngo-Brazil.

imiphumela kwezomnotho

Ezinye imiphumela okutholakele kwendawo sezishiye izinguquko ezinkulu hhayi kanye, kodwa izinga kwezizukulwane ezimbalwa. Ngokwesibonelo, bona kanye namanye izici ubhubhisé feudalism European, esahlanganisa esikhundleni capitalism. ubudlelwane Market baye basungula njengoba isibalo sezikhungo izinto ithengiswe. Kwakuwusuku ezingavamile ukudla Asian inotho American.

Noma yimuphi izinkampani yokuhweba elikhulu, futhi imibuso emikhulu zasolwandle waqala bancintisane hhayi kuphela empini kodwa futhi emnothweni. Imiphumela enjalo eminingi etholakale kwendawo ezifana ne- "intengo yokuvukela" eYurophu ekhulwini XVI, lapho wavuka 400%, waphenduka isimo sezombusazwe muzi. Abawinile amazwe nge ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza lezimpahla (England nase-Netherlands). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bagcina waya izimakethe ngenxa ubudala imibuso wamakoloni (ePortugal naseSpain), okuyinto eyagcina yokwenqatshwa sina.

Izinguquko Ezenzeka umkhakha

Amakoloni baba capacious emakethe wangaphandle umkhakha. Lezi zinguquko ziye zaholela esibucayi zezentengiselwano ephakathi, abakwazi ukuyoba anda. Esikhundleni ukuhweba ubudala weza womshini zama-Capitalist. Kwakuthinta wasebenzisa nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, ukuze kakhulu ukwandisa izinga zokukhiqiza. Idatha Ukuguqulwa Umphumela waba ukuqoqelana kwezimali kanye kumiswa onxiwankulu.

Izimbangela nemiphumela eminingi etholakale kwendawo baye bazuza izwe elilodwa European futhi kakhulu ezilimele omunye. Ngakho, ukuvela emakethe US kuye kwanciphisa ukubaluleka ukuhweba eMedithera, ukuthi Lisho ukulinyazwa emadolobheni Italian. Kufeza indima ebalulekile Ephakathi Republic of Venice, nase-Genoa, yawela labhidlika.

izikhungo zokuhweba okusha

Kusukela emadolobheni Italian isimo zasolwandle ukuhweba izikhungo zamazwe omhlaba kuhanjiswe ku Sevilla, eLisbon Antwerp. Isibonelo salokhu port Dutch ukwambulwa ikakhulukazi. Ekhulwini xv, Antwerp bekulokhu iphuzu elibalulekile yokuthengisa sendwangu English, French nesiJalimane uvolo metal. Nge kokutholakala amazwekazi amasha ethekwini Dutch yohwebo ugxile izimpahla wamakoloni futhi izinongo.

Antwerp kwaba into eza kuqala imali European. emahhovisi abo ke wavula zonke amabhange kanye yomthengisi namafemu Old World. Kukhona futhi sekukhona ukushintshana isitokwe. imiphumela ebalulekile okutholakele ngokwezindawo ukubukeka wokukhipha uhlelo edingekayo sokubolekwayo ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe. Kwakukhona izibambiso yesimanje: izibopho, amanothi promissory kanye namasheya.

Uhlelo lwe-capitalism indawo feudalism

Small endaweni Netherlands ngokushesha waba athuthukile kakhulu kwezomnotho izwe e-Europe. uhlelo yabo kosozimali wawuphumelela kakhudlwana izinduna (ejwayelekile ye eSpain nasePortugal). Eyokuqala imibuso wamakoloni wathola inzuzo enkulu, kodwa ukulimaza ukuchitha kubo kokuqukethwe ebukhosini futhi esigodlweni. Wasebenzise kahle amathuba ezingxoxo izici ezintsha waseBrithani kanye Dutch osomabhizinisi khulula wasiza amazwe abo babe uthi abacebe yokuchuma okukhulu ezikhathini zanamuhla.

exchange Columbian

Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke ezejwayelekile baseYurophu imithelela the Discoveries Omkhulu Geographical zithinteka kakhulu ngendlela yokuthi ukuthi Izwe Elidala, ongabazi entsha imikhiqizo: ikhofi, ukhokho, ugwayi, utamatisi, amazambane, itiye kanye nezinongo. izilwane ezihambayo, izitshalo, ubuchwepheshe, nokufeza yamasiko Kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba ukuba omunye wayebizwa ngokuthi exchange of Columbus.

EMelika, ngenxa yale nqubo, kwakukhona izinkomo, amahhashi, izimvu, ukolo, ikhofi, ukotini, umoba nokunye .. Ezinye izinhlobo ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwekazi engahlosile. Lezi zihlanganisa amagundane, Colorado mabhungane, abanye ukhula. Uzama ukuchaza ukuthi imiphumela Elikhulu okutholakele ezindawo kwathinta ukuphila aseYurophu, ososayensi wasungula eside entsha: ". Neophyte" Lona elethiwa izitshalo eziye zavela kwenye ngoba izitshalo njengendlela zibangelwa yizenzo zabantu. Ngakho, ngemiphumela okutholakele ngokwebalazwe, lo Ithebula elingezansi elibonisa, kubonakala emikhakheni lehlukene yokuphila komuntu.

Imiphumela Okutholakele Omkhulu Geographical
zezombusazwe kwezomnotho nezinye
Ukuvela imibuso wamakoloni Ukuvela eYurophu kwemikhiqizo emisha I enqamula ukuhweba ngezigqila
Conquest of baseYurophu eziningi zomhlaba Ukuwa kwe-umnotho izinduna YobuKristu abezizwe

nababusi balo

Ngenxa ukunqoba wamakoloni, imibuso yaseYurophu waqala ukulawula eziningi zomhlaba. Ngakho kwaba khona i-oda entsha yezombusazwe - nababusi balo. komzimba kuqala kwakungumprofethi Spain. Ukubhubhisa isimo abesabekayo Inca futhi Aztec, sekuyinto endaweni yayo, ukudala izinto zabo American kokucindezelwa eqinile inceku uhlelo labour.

Khona-ke isibonelo Spanish wakhonza njengephayona prototype lenqubomgomo Dutch wamakoloni, iGreat Britain, iFrance namanye amazwe. Labhujiswa abantu bomdabu, futhi uqede amahlelo enkolo. BaseYurophu benqoba zonke izingxenye zomhlaba ngaphandle eMpumalanga Ephakathi eMpumalanga Asia. Ngo esifundeni wahlala impucuko Chinese-Japanese. Bobabili amazwe ngezikhathi wazama ukuthatha emgwaqweni isolationism by abanikazi bamakoloni nolaka.

Izimbangela Nemiphumela we Okutholakele Omkhulu Geographical redrew ibalazwe sezwe sezombangazwe. umbuso Colonial wayeqhubeka ephila emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Owokugcina kubo unikwe amazwe ukuzimela yanqoba (ikakhulukazi e-Afrika) engxenyeni kwekhulu XX yesibili.

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