Umbuso Colonial: ekudalweni futhi kudivayisi

Bokuqala imibuso wamakoloni sekukhona ekhulwini XVI, lapho-Europe bengena enkathini ka omkhulu okutholakele womhlaba. Ngaphambili, zonke ukunwetshwa emazweni bonobumba waqala Spanish isiPutukezi. Isimo sabo eyakhelwe umbuso classical wamakoloni.

Spain

Ngo-1492, Hristofor Kolumb wathola iziqhingi eziningana e oLwandle LwaseCaribbean. kamuva kwacaca ukuthi entshonalanga baseYurophu kungukuthi elinde ezilahliwe ezimbalwa ezweni, kodwa ezweni elingaziwa yonke. Yaqala kanjalo ukudalwa le mibuso wamakoloni.

Columbus ubezama ukuvula akuyona Melika, futhi eNdiya, okudlula kuso yaya azicabele umzila ukuthi kungaba ulungise ukuhweba yeziqholo, kanye neminye imikhiqizo eyingqayizivele empumalanga. Navigator wayesebenzela iNkosi ka-Aragon nendlovukazi Castile. Umshado yalezi mithi ezimbili uvunyelwe hlanganani emazweni angomakhelwane eSpain. Ngawo lowo nyaka ukuthi uColumbus ethola amazwe aseMelika, embusweni omusha wabophula kusukela Muslim sifundazwe eningizimu laseGranada. Ngakho uqede Reconquista - inqubo eminyaka ubudala zokuhlanjululwa yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia emandleni amaSulumane.

Lezi izakhiwo kwakwanele ukubukeka umbuso Spanish wamakoloni. nemizana Okokuqala European yabonakala zaseCaribbean: saseHispaniola (Haiti), Puerto Rico kanye Cuba. I-Spanish umbuso wamakoloni futhi wasungula koloni lokuqala ezwekazini American. Yaba e 1510 inqaba Panamanian ngagama eyinkimbinkimbi yama Santa María la Antigua del Darién. Fort wabeka wamazwe Vasco Nunez de Balboa. Waqale baseYurophu sawela Isthmus of Panama futhi kwaba ogwini Pacific.

kudivayisi yangaphakathi

Idivayisi kwemibuso wamakoloni kungcono cabanga ngesibonelo Spain, ngoba yilona lizwe lokuqala wafika oda, okuyizinto ke nenqwaba basakazekela kwezinye imibuso. Konke lokhu kwaqala esinqumweni 1520 owawuthi zonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, ezweni evulekile neyaziwayo ihlale iyimpahla yomthengi Crown.

kudivayisi Komphakathi kanye zomthetho wakhiwa ngokwepulani evamile baseYurophu wokwehlayo amakhosi asendulo. Centre umbuso wamakoloni wanika izifiki Spanish ezweni abangu ukuthola impahla yomndeni. I bomdabu Umphakathi wamaNdiya baba kuncike omakhelwane entsha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyafaneleka ukuthi Abomdabu akumelanga neyaziwayo njengezigqila. Lena iphuzu elibalulekile, esiza ukuqonda umehluko phakathi Spanish umbuso wamakoloni yasePortugal.

Imizana American okuqondene Lisbon, ubugqila base olusemthethweni. Kwakuwusuku isiPutukezi wadala izinto zokuthutha zomsebenzi ezishibhile kusuka Afrika eNingizimu Melika. Endabeni Spain, esekelwe ukwencika peonage Indian - izikweletu.

Izici Viceroyalty

Ukuba umbuso Melika zahlukaniswa Viceroyalty. I kuqala uchungechunge yabo 1534 baba okusha Spain. Lalihlanganisa eWest Indies, EMexico naseMelika Ephakathi. Ngo 1544 Peru yasungulwa, okubandakanya hhayi kuphela Peru, kodwa futhi Chile wesimanje. Ekhulwini XVIII kwakukhona okusha Granada (Ecuador, Venezuela futhi Colombia) kanye La Plata (Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay). Nakuba umbuso wamakoloni isiPutukezi elawulwa eMelika kuphela Brazil, nempahla Spanish kuyi-Nguqulo Yezwe babe umyalelo ezidlula emikhulu.

Igunya ngiphakame amakoloni possessed ngesandla esiqinile. Ngo 1503, kwase kunesiqiniseko yi Chamber of Commerce, eliholwa zokwahlulela, zikahulumeni wokuxhumanisa emizimbeni emkhakheni. Ngokushesha yashintsha igama layo futhi waba ophakeme Royal uMkhandlu Indies. Lokhu umzimba yayikhona kuze 1834. UMkhandlu iqondiswe iSonto, wengamela esibaluleke wamakoloni esikhundleni kwezikhulu nabaphathi, umthetho.

Ababusi yenkosi babe viceroys. Ngenxa yalesi isikhundla uqokelwa inkathi eyiminyaka engu-4 kuya ku-6. Futhi, kwaba khona iposi General Captains. Zazithandaza emazweni ahlukile nezindawo ezinesimo ekhethekile. viceroyalty ngamunye lahlukaniswa laba izifundazwe, eyayibonakala eliholwa kwababusi. Zonke imibuso wamakoloni zomhlaba zadalwa ngenxa inzuzo. Yingakho ukukhathazeka main nababusi yayifike ngesikhathi futhi ephelele izimali zezimali endaweni yomcebo.

niche Hlukanisa elalihlala isonto. Yena wahlabelela nje ngokuthanda inkolo kodwa futhi imisebenzi zokwahlulela. Ekhulwini XVI a sokwahlulela iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki oNgcwele. Ngezinye izikhathi ngezenzo zayo eyaholela kulesi udlame ekuhlaseleni lalolo hlanga. I emikhulu ebusa kwamanye amazwe kwadingeka elinye insika ebalulekile - edolobheni. Kulezi nemizana icala iSpanishi, kwakukhona uhlobo uhlelo ukuzibusa. Abantu bendawo bakha Cabildo - iseluleko. nabo kwadingeka ilungelo ukhetha ezinye izikhulu. EMelika, kwakunoFakazi abacishe babe ngu-250 Imikhandlu enjalo.

Isendlalelo kakhulu avamile omphakathi owawubusa leli koloni kulendawo kanye nezimboni. U-Adalberto isikhathi eside, bavelelwa isimo bebancane eqhathaniswa Izicukuthwane ephezulu ozalwa Spanish. Nokho sibonga azifundiswa kula makilasi okufunda wekoloni wakhula, umnotho wabo lingenisa inzuzo. Kubalulekile wazi omunye mkhuba. Nakuba Spanish kwaba ikuyo yonke indawo ekhulwini XVIII, ke waqala inqubo nokwahlukana sabantu abe izizwe ahlukene ukuthi ekhulwini elilandelayo eyakhelwe isimo yabo eNingizimu Melika naseMelika Ephakathi.

Portugal

Portugal kwavela njengoba omncane, ngakho konke izinhlangothi sizungezwe izimpahla Spanish. indawo enjalo ezindawo ukuphuca izwe elincane ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba sandise eYurophu. Kunalokho the Old World kuyinto isimo zihambisana wayegaqele omunye.

Ekupheleni Ephakathi amatilosi isiPutukezi babephakathi esingcono kakhulu eYurophu. Njengomhlaba iSpanishi, bazama ukufinyelela India. Kodwa uma zonke Columbus efanayo ebekwe ukuthola nje izwe athandwayo ohlangothini engenamali ngasentshonalanga, amaPutukezi ephonsa zonke izimpi zawo out circumnavigate Afrika. Bartolomeu Dias wathola eCape of Good Hope - eseningizimu ye-Black Izwekazi. Futhi lo mkhankaso UVasco da Gamma 1497-1499 GG. Ekugcineni bafika emabaleni India.

Ngo-1500, itilosi Portuguese Pedro Cabral emzileni empumalanga ngephutha wathola Brazil. E Lisbon, ngokushesha yamemezela ibhidi wakhe ongabazi phambi umhlaba. Ngokushesha eNingizimu Melika yaqala ukubonakala settlement yokuqala isiPutukezi, futhi ekugcineni Brazil waba kuphela emazweni akhuluma isiPutukezi emazweni aseMelika.

ukuvulwa Oriental

Naphezu kwentuthuko entshonalanga injongo eyinhloko amatilosi wahlala empumalanga. I-Portuguese umbuso wamakoloni usezuze kule ndawo neragelo phambili. abacwaningi zayo wathola Madagascar kanye hit Sea Arabian. Ngo-1506 yena lathunjwa esiqhingini Socotra. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amaPutukezi eqala ukuvakashela eCeylon. Kube okuphambene-umbuso India. Ngaphansi ukuphathwa lakhe ibingamashumi zonke amakoloni Eastern yezwe. Isihloko sokuqala Viceroy kwaba Umkhuzi Francisco de Almeida.

Idivayisi ye-Portuguese kanye Spanish umbuso wamakoloni kwadingeka ngezinye zezinto ezifanayo zokuphatha. Bobabili okuphambene-umbuso, futhi bobabili bavele ngesikhathi lapho izwe elikhulu wayesalokhu phakathi baseYurophu. abantu bendawo ababephikisa kokubili ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga nasezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga ukuyiveza kalula. ezandleni baseYurophu kudlalwa bokuphakama zabo lobuchwepheshe phezu nakwezinye izizwe.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI amaPutukezi wathatha nezimbobo abalulekile kanye nezifunda empumalanga: ICalicut, Goa, Malacca. Ngo-1517, ukuze babe nobuhlobo ukuhweba nge China ezikude. Mayelana China izimakethe ngiphuphe umbuso ngamunye wamakoloni. Umlando (Ibanga 7) e esikoleni ngokuningiliziwe mayelana isihloko Omkhulu Okutholakele Geographical nokwanda European emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba ngaphandle kuvisisa kilelihlelo kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi lonke izwe lanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, namuhla, Brazil wawungeke kunjalo, njengoba siyazi ukuthi, uma kuwukuthi lesi IsiPutukezi namasiko. Futhi, Lisbon amatilosi kuqala phakathi baseYurophu wayivula kanjani indlela eya Japan. Esikhathini 1570s baqala kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni Angola. Lapho lisachuma Portugal kwadingeka izinqaba eziningi eNingizimu Melika, i-Afrika, India nase-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

Ibhizinisi Empire

Yini akadalanga umbuso wamakoloni? BaseYurophu sezisungule ukulawula izwe kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba ukuze ukuxhashazwa kwezinsiza ezingabasebenzi kanye zemvelo. nesithakazelo ezintweni zabo esiyingqayizivele noma ezingavamile Ikakhulukazi: izinongo, amatshe ayigugu, zezinyoni ezingavamile izihlahla kanye nezinye izinto zokunethezeka. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthekelisa Melika mass ikhofi, ushukela, ugwayi, cocoa indigo.

izici yakhe yaba ukuhweba emkhakheni Asian. Lapha, i-force ehola ngesikhathi esifanele baba UK. AmaNgisi esungulwe ukusatshalaliswa uhlelo ezilandelayo: bethengisa eNdiya indwangu, okufanayo ukuthenga opium, okuyinto athunyelwa eChina. Yonke le misebenzi wanika lukhulu ngesikhathi sako engenayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kusukela amazwe ase-Asia eYurophu akhishelwe khona itiye. Ngamunye maphakathi umbuso wamakoloni wafuna ukumisa esinakho eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakukhona impi njalo. Izwe olwengeziwe ezikunika imikhumbi ngaphezulu bamhlohla izilwandle, izingxabano ngokuvamile enjalo Kwagqashuka.

Amakoloni babe "ezimbonini" ukwenziwa amaholo aphansi. Njengoba kusetshenziswa abantu bendawo (ikakhulukazi abomdabu of Africa). Ubugqila kwaba ibhizinisi elichumayo, futhi translanticheskaya isisekelo inceku umnotho kwemibuso wamakoloni. Izinkulungwane izakhamuzi Congo naseNtshonalanga Afrika zathathwa ngenkani uyiswa Brazil, eningizimu-US yesimanje kanye naseCaribbean.

Ukwanda impucuko European

Noma yimuphi umbuso wamakoloni yayisekelwe izithakazelo geo-yecebo amazwe aseYurophu. Isisekelo lezi zokwakheka babe lamaphuzu anamandla endleleni izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. I iziteshi ugu ngaphezulu wavela Empire, ngakho-ke ngaqala ukuba umuntu mobile amabutho ahlomile. Engine sokwanda European emhlabeni wonke kwaba umbango mutual. Amazwe zazilwa ukulawula yemizila yohwebo kwabantu kufuduka nokuhamba mabutho namabutho.

Njalo umbuso wamakoloni Wenza ngokuvumelana nazo ngokucabangisisa udumo. Noma yimuphi imvume ukuze isitha ingxenye ezahlukene zomhlaba wawubhekwa njengophawu uphawu ukwehla ukubaluleka geopolitical. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, amandla monarchical wayesalokhu ehlangene imibono engokwenkolo asenesikhathi sabantu. Ngenxa yalokhu, wonke okufanayo Spanish isi-Portuguese imibuso wamakoloni wabona ukunwetshwa yabo njengoba ndaba Nkulunkulu ojabulisa futhi akhiwa ku-messianism yobuKristu.

It kwakwandile kusengaphambili kwezilimi civilizational. Ukusabalalisa amasiko abo, izinto zonke umbuso ukuqinisa semthethweni yayo kanye ukuthembeka enkundleni ngamazwe. Sici Its ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisimo umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli asebenzayo. Spanish-Portuguese ukusabalala ubuKatolika kulo Melika. Inkolo wahlala yithuluzi elibalulekile zezombusazwe. Ukwenza okwandile isiko, bamakoloni aphula amalungelo abomdabu wendawo, zibancishe ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko nokholo. Kule umkhuba kamuva ozalwa ezinjengokungcoliswa ukuhlukaniswa, kobandlululo nokuqothulwa kohlanga.

United Kingdom

Ngokomlando, ukuthi eSpain nasePortugal, umbuso wokuqala wamakoloni (grade 7 esikoleni ngokuningiliziwe ajwayelekile nabo), ayengeke azigcine esundu emzabalazweni kanye namanye amakholwa kwemibuso yaseYurophu. Ngaphambili, abanye mayelana izimangalo zawo zasolwandle, kusho England. Uma baseSpain ngenkuthalo ababengaphansi kwemibuso yakwamanye amazwe eNingizimu Melika naseMelika Ephakathi, i-British yabusa North. Le mpi ephakathi kwala mazwe amabili Kwagqashuka nangesinye isizathu. Spain besilokhu wacabangela wasemuva eyinhloko ubuKatolika, kanti ngekhulu XVI eNgilandi kwakukhona iNguquko, ibonakele esizimele iSonto lamaRoma.

Ngesikhathi ophakathi kwala mazwe womabili aqala impi asolwandle. Amandla awazange enze ngezandla zabo futhi ngosizo pirates futhi privateers. pirates IsiZulu ezikhathini zanamuhla abaye laba uphawu inkathi yalo. Laba kuthiwa babamba inkunzi ulayishe US igolide galleons iSpanishi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho athumba ikoloni. Vula impi lanyakazisa Izwe Elidala e 1588, lapho i-English imikhumbi wabhubhisa Armada. Spain liye langena phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi inhlekelele eside. Kancane kancane, waba ekugcineni wayeka ngenxa isiNgisi, futhi kamuva WaseBrithani ubuholi ka- emncintiswaneni wamakoloni.

Netherlands

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XVII, kwaba khona omunye umbuso emikhulu ebusa kwamanye amazwe, elakhiwe Netherlands. Lalihlanganisa insimu ka-Indonesia, Guyana, India. Dutch kwadingeka okuthunyelwe eziphambili Formosa (Taiwan) naseCeylon. Abaphikisi main iNetherlands kwakuyisikhathi-United Kingdom. Ngo-1770-yalolucwaningo. Dutch yanika ngu amakoloni British eNyakatho Melika. Omunye wabo kwakungu-muzi ikusasa eNew York. Ngo 1802, njengoba nje kwafakazela idluliselwe naseCeylon kanye Cape Colony eNingizimu Afrika.

Kancane kancane, ifa eyinhloko Netherlands kwezinye izingxenye zezwe waqala Indonesia. On endaweni yayo isinyathelo-Dutch East India Company. Yena ahweba ngezimpahla ezibalulekile Oriental: isiliva, itiye, ithusi, ukotini, izindwangu, izinto ezenziwe ngobumba, usilika, opium kanye nezinongo. Sokuthuthwa kwempahla umbuso wamakoloni yeNetherlands esinakho izimakethe zasePacific-Indian Ocean. Ukuze uthole Uhwebo olufanayo ne Melika Dutch West India Inkampani yasungulwa. Bobabili corporations abangu ezaqedwa ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII. Ngokuphathelene lonke umbuso wamakoloni yeNetherlands, kuba yinto yesikhathi esidlule ekhulwini XX, kanye le mibuso encintisana European.

France

Ekuqaleni umbuso French wamakoloni sabekwa ngo-1535, lapho Zhak Karte wahlola St Lawrence River lanamuhla Canada. Ekhulwini XVI kwamakhosi Bourbon kwadingeka lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu futhi ngempumelelo ngesikhathi umnotho e-Europe. Ngokuba ukuthuthukiswa kwalo futhi ePortugal naseSpain. The French waqala ikoloni emazweni amasha iminyaka engu-70 ngaphambi British. Paris ongabala ngesimo muzi omkhulu emhlabeni.

Kodwa France wayengakwazi ukuze sizuze ngokugcwele amandla ayo. Akavumelanga ukuntengantenga yangaphakathi, engeyinhle yezokuxhumana ukuhweba, kanye amaphutha inqubomgomo Izindawo. Ngenxa yalokho, ekhulwini XVIII kwasekuqaleni kwaba eBrithani, iFrance kwamaqhaza yesibili emncintiswaneni wamakoloni. Noma kunjalo, waqhubeka kwazo ukuba nibe ngabakaJesu ezindaweni ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke.

Ngemva iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa 'e 1763, France elahlekile Canada. ENyakatho Melika, izwe liye laqhubeka Louisiana. Kwakuthinta edayiswa 1803 yi-United States. Ekhulwini XIX France igxile kakhulu Ezwekazini Dark. Yena ethumba endaweni enkulu eNtshonalanga Afrika, kanye Algeria, Morocco no Tunisia. kamuva France ezingxenyeni mpumalanga ye-Asia. Wonke la mazwe ethola inkululeko yokuzimela ngo ekhulwini XX.