Kolumb Hristofor futhi ekutholakaleni Melika

Hristofor Kolumb wazalelwa emkhayeni Genoese womeluki-Draper e 1451. Ebuntwaneni futhi intsha wamazwe esizayo, izibulo emkhayeni, ophasiswe workshop ukwelukwa lapho asiza uyise sakhe emsebenzini. Nokho, kusukela zisencane Waphupha ezikude kakhulu ngohambo lwasolwandle. Kakade ekuqaleni 1470 sika Kolumb Hristofor lokuqala lingena yezitolo uhambo lwayo lokuqala. wokuphila Abaningi amaNtaliyane ovelele bakholelwa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi wazalwa umbono lokuthola indlela entsha
India. Kukholakala ukuthi umcabango onjalo wayengatshela bangamvezi ngesikhathi isazi sokuma komhlaba esiphambili nesezinkanyezi Paolo Toscanelli.

Indlela Entsha eNdiya

Kuleli qophelo, kumele ayeke isimo samasosha nezombangazwe eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi. Iqiniso liwukuthi empumalanga nezwekazi wakhula Muslim ngaphezulu uMbuso WaseTurkey. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1453, kube lathunjwa dolobha lasendulo yoMbuso WaseByzantium - waseConstantinople (okuyinto ezinsukwini zethu yiyona idolobha elikhulu kunawo Turkish Istanbul). Lo mbuso onamandla phakathi nekhulu xv. empeleni umbeki zakudala kasilika nendlwana umzila osuka eYurophu uye Asia yizakhiwo imisebenzi phezulu abahwebi, futhi ekuvimbeleni ukukhumuzeka ukuhweba ezinjalo. Nokho, emazweni asempumalanga njalo bakhangwa abakhileyo Izwe Elidala. Ungalahlekelwa udumo zinganekwane mayelana nezidalwa fabulous futhi zengcebo eshisiwe aseMpumalanga. La maqiniso kwavusa umqondo lokuthola izindlela ezengeziwe eMpumalanga, ikakhulukazi e-India. Imiphumela engokoqobo yokwenza amaqhinga anjalo, phakathi kokunye, waqinisekisa "abasha" ngesikhathi kucatshangwa sphericity Zomhlaba.

Uhambo elidume India

Kolumb Hristofor efika e Portugal e 1477, lapho abangane nabantu, kwashintsha ukuphila kwakhe kuze kube phakade. Wajwayelana izimiso navigation, uzuza okuhlangenwe nakho
shopping mikhankaso, isihambi lokuqala waveza umqondo ukuzama ukuthola indlela eya kwelaseNdiya, ukuqoqa Afrkansky zwekazi. Nge lesi sicelo somshado, waphendukela inkosi isiPutukezi Juan III 1483. Nokho, owathola esizayo yephrojekthi kwakubonakala nkosi Amazing kakhulu, futhi prohibitively ezibizayo. Kolumb Hristofor sinqatshiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi neminyaka engu-eziyisishiyagalolunye esilandelayo, wasinda kwenye ukwehluleka ezinhlanu ezifanayo. Kuze kube manje ngo-1492, yathatha uhambo alizange livunyelwe. Lolu hambo lokuqala yahamba olwandle banikezwe Agasti 3, 1492. Lalinama ezintathu indawo emkhunjini omncane kakhulu "Pinta" "Nina '(ngokwezwi nezwi," kancane ") futhi" Santa Maria, ". Umlando okwalandela kanjani amatilosi emzileni, wahambisana hhayi Afrika, kuze kufike entshonalanga, laziwa kabanzi. ngemva nje kwezinyanga ezimbili, ngo-October 12, 1492 isivele amatilosi yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba wabona emkhathizwe zomhlaba. Kwaba ngelinye lamadolobha esimanjemanje Bahamas. Ngemva kwalokho, Columbus mikhankaso ezintathu xaxa ogwini izwekazi entsha. Nokho, nezibi ngemva kohambo oluyingqopha-wesine, washona ngo-1506. Kuyindida never azi ukuthi wathola hhayi nje indlela entsha kanye nezwekazi entsha. Leli qiniso umtshela emhlabeni omunye odumile wase-Italy - Amérigo Vespucci. Futhi udumo ukuvula umzila dlula eNdiya evuzwa UVasco da Gama.

Okusho navigation Columbus, Omkhulu ukuvulwa ezindawo ngokuvamile

Ngaphandle yezwekazi sitholwe Hristofor Kolumb, ke ayesazobhekana kakhulu uguqule ebusweni zezwe lethu. Akukhona nje maqondana nolwazi womhlaba, kodwa futhi yonke imikhakha yempilo the Old World. On the izimakethe European Ugcwalise imikhiqizo amaningi amasha futhi yegolide impucuko American. Le nqubo kwavusa okuthiwa sokuzuza capital, ukuthuthukiswa emakethe umnotho kanye ne-capitalism. Barely ukuvula nezwekazi phezu namakhulu eminyaka ambalwa alandela, sesiye ekhaya ukuze abanikazi bamakoloni amaningi eyasungulwa isimo yabo kamuva. emazweni amaningana aseYurophu ukuba babe global imibuso ebusa kwamanye amazwe, okuyinto hhayi kuphela wenza abantu bomdabu (hhayi kuphela e-America kodwa nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba) ukusebenza bona, kodwa futhi nomthelela ukwamukelwa European nezindinganiso zokuziphatha ezisekelwe emhlabeni wonke. Yiqiniso, Kolumb Hristofor kungesilo kuphela owathonya ngakho kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni zomlando wezwe, ngaphezu kwakhe, kwakukhona amakhulu nezinye izihambi, theorists futhi abangobhongoza. Nokho, kuba ngokungangabazeki omunye wamaphayona enkulu.