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Izici Bezakhiwe kwamaseli columnar ijwabu. Udonga, amaqembu (columnar) leaf izicubu izitshalo ipuleti

Ukwehlukanisa of kwamangqamuzana nezicubu linendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni zomzimba. Ukuhlukaniswa imithwalo isitokisi ngasinye ingafaniswa ne nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi embonini, uma iyunithi ngayinye yenza umsebenzi wayo esingokwemvelo kuphela, umphumela ingatholakala esikhathini esifushane. Kuyefana nasendleleni iyiphi eziphilayo, izinga yabo yokuphila incike yinkimbinkimbi ukuthuthukiswa kanye kwemvelo niches matasa kuwo.

Uyini iseli biology eziphilayo

Cage - iyunithi kwesakhiwo futhi zisebenza kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngaphandle mhlawumbe wenze amagciwane - non-yeselula ifomu ekuphileni. Indwangu - iqoqo amaseli nempahla intercellular, kokuba okufanayo ukwakheka kwazo, imisebenzi kanye nemvelaphi. Biology cell umsebenzi okusekelwe oyiyo, okuyinto nje isuke ibangelwa degree of inhlangano sesilwane noma isitshalo.

I kwamangqamuzana kwamaseli zezilwane nezitshalo uya emuva ontogenesis. Ngamunye wabo livela izicubu eyandulela, uma izilwane iyona stem cells, izitshalo - meristem.

Kuyini yeseli? Biology kanye cell isakhiwo ebavumela ukuba kuhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili.

1. amaseli Eukaryotic. Lezi zihlanganisa amayunithi isakhi izilwane nezitshalo eziphilayo.

2. Amaseli prokaryotic. Basuke izimpawu ukungabi khona i-nucleus nezinye organelles. Ukuze eziphilayo prokaryotic zihlanganisa amagciwane.

Ukwakheka isilwane cell

Lolu cwaningo weseli izakhiwo ehilelekile biology. Isakhiwo eyeseli isilwane kwatholakala uHooke ekhulwini le-19, kodwa kwathiwa uphenyo ngokugcwele kakhudlwana enkulungwaneni 20.

iseli animal kuyinto cytoplasm ezungezwe plasmalemma. Esikhathini cytoplasm ka "ukuntanta" le organelles ehlukahlukene inclusions. Ngu organelles kukhona lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi apharathasi, reticulum endoplasmic, peroxisomes. Ukufakwa - kukhona izinto ukuthi ziyoncibilika ku cytosol futhi balinde baze kudingeka ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo esitokisini.

Ngokungafani isitshalo, e eyeseli isilwane akuyona udonga cell, le vacuole kanye chloroplast. Azikho izindleko ezingeziwe enamathela eziyinkimbinkimbi kuthinta, isibonelo, kwi imininingwane yalolu ukusonteka plasmalemma ngesikhathi ukuqoqwa.

Isakhiwo iseli isitshalo

Yangaphakathi isitshalo cell okuqukethwe acebile kakhulu kunalokho isilwane. Okokuqala, ungathola dvumembrannye isakhiwo - chloroplast. Futhi umsebenzi wukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo ye-photosynthesis, okuyinto ebaluleke for simila ngokulandela amandla umthombo eyengeziwe kanye ukuphefumula, kanye glucose.

Iseli isitshalo eminye ngaphandle imbozwe udonga cell. Siqukethe cellulose zesivikelo sesifuba, futhi iphuzu contact lamaseli emibili elandelanayo namanje pectin samanje. Kukhona eziyinkimbinkimbi angako ongaphandle ayikuvumeli oxhumana nabo njengoba ukwenza amaseli isilwane. Iqhaza main eyadlalwa lwezokuthutha isakhiwo amaseli. Libanga 6, lapho biology ibilokhu wafunda akuyona ngokujulile ngakho, awusebenzi ukunikeza ulwazi mayelana desmosomes - ikhule ezimbotsheni ekhethekile odongeni cell, okuyinto ukukhonza ukuhambisa izinto kusukela kwesinye isitokisi bazifake kwesinye. Ngalezi izakhiwo bangaxhumana vacuole nge ububanzi kwebhuloho elincane.

Vacuole - lena komunye umahluko okhona kusukela isitshalo cell isilwane. Umsebenzi Its the nokugcina alkaloids amakhemikhali asebenzayo, acid, i-calcium ukusiza ekulinganiseni ingcindezi osmotic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, alkaloids futhi acid kungenzeka zibulale okuqukethwe cytoplasm, ngakho kufanele zitholakale i organelle ezisemajukujukwini ulwelwesi ekhethekile, okuyinto abakwazi ukungena ngokusebenzisa amangqamuzana lokhu usayizi. Vacuole ulwelwesi ebizwa ngokuthi tonoplast.

Zonke izici isakhi amaseli columnar ijwabu nsé uhlelo yokwakheka plant cells.

amaseli prokaryotic

Ama-bacterium (njengoba abameleli prokaryotes) kukhona evolutionarily eziphilayo kancane athuthukile. I webhaktheriya iseli cytosol lizungezwe ulwelwesi, cell udonga futhi capsule lwamafinyila. Ngaphakathi kukhona organelles ezitholakala eukaryotes. Ikhenela naye olahlekile, futhi zonke izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo uvezwa iningi igciwane likhona chromosome eyodwa kuphela.

iseli umzimba isekelwa izakhiwo ezikhethekile - mesosoma. Zimelele yayifanekisela nomxhantela we ulwelwesi cytoplasmic esitokisini, futhi umsebenzi wabo iwukuba emishinini yokuphefumula noma inqubo ye-photosynthesis, esimweni amagciwane photosynthesis.

Ukungabikho ikhenela kuyasiza ukwandisa izinga umbhalo kanye wokuhumusha. Izinga kanambambili of cell division nakho kuyanda: ikoloni-bacterium ingashaya ngokuphindwe kabili izinombolo zabo njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engu-20.

iseli umsebenzi

Cage njengoba iyunithi kwesakhiwo futhi zisebenza zonke izinto eziphilayo ungase wenze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ehlobene nokugcinwa msebenzi obalulekile. Iqhaza main udlalwa by isakhiwo esitokisini. Libanga 6, lapho biology ibilokhu wafunda ezingeni ekuqaleni, sisho izici eziyinhloko enhlanganweni yeseli iyunithi.

Ukunqunywa plant cells - inqubo multistage ngawo meristem kwakhiwa kusuka ezihlukahlukene kwamanye amathishu: coverslips, excretory, ukuhlinzeka lokukhanda. Amaseli ngamunye la kwezicubu zihluka e isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi abasenzela. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi ukumboza iseli - ungavumeli ejenti angaphandle ngaphakathi emzimbeni lapho izakhi kokuqhuba zibalulekile ezokuthutha izinto eziningi eziphilayo nokumbiwa ezikulesi simila.

Ukuxhumana lamaseli ibangelwa ezikhumulweni ekhethekile ababiziweyo plasmodesmata. Ukusebenza isiqondiso kwenzeka ezingeni kwamakhemikhali ezihlukahlukene enzyme metabolites.

Uhlu - izitho vegetative izitshalo

Umsebenzi kwezitho vegetative iwukuhlale ikhono siphile simila ezingeni elilungile. Leaf naye ungowasendaweni leli qembu, ngakho umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko - kuba photosynthesis.

Ikholomu Indwangu - lena main photosynthesis leaf izicubu. Siqukethe parenchymal amaseli, okuyinto eziningi chloroplast. Izicubu amaseli columnar sesiseduze ebusweni engenhla ishidi ukuthola kabanzi amandla elanga futhi, ngokufanelekile, ukwandisa ijubane nokusebenza ye-photosynthesis.

Futhi ishidi ingena izicubu sithambile, nalo chloroplast, kodwa isibalo sabo sincane kakhulu kwalelo le parenchyma polisadnoy. Iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko amaseli kwezicubu sithambile - ukushintshana igesi ngenxa izikhala ezinkulu intercellular.

Izici isakhi amaseli columnar ihlamvu izicubu

Udonga, amaqembu parenchyma kuyinto ezingqimbeni eliphezulu ishidi buthelela imali ekulu amandla elanga. Kubalulekile ukugeleza kahle izigaba ukukhanya nobumnyama ye-photosynthesis, okuyinto kuphela enikeziwe okukhanyisa.

Columnar iseli - cell kuyinto cylindrical ifomu side, umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu - yenqubo ye-photosynthesis. Ngenxa yalesi kukhona amashumi amaningana chloroplast, okuyinto zitholakala azungeze iseli amaseli izicubu columnar. Ilungiselelo elinjalo emkhathini cytosol ngenxa ebusweni ukwanda kwelanga ukumuncwa.

Ngo C4 izitshalo ezindaweni ezishisayo enkabazwe ihlathi leaf isakhiwo ihlukile kancane. Bona izicubu columnar itholakala ezingqimbeni eyayibaluleke futhi lowermost zomzimba. Lokhu kungenxa izici of esigabeni amnyama photosynthesis yalezi izitshalo.

Izici isakhiwo columnar izicubu amaseli asetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa isitshalo okuthiwa i-photosynthesis kahle.

Kuyini i-photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis - inqubo multi-kwamakhemikhali okuyinto kuveza amandla ngesimo ATP kanye glucose - carbohydrate okuyinto igcinwa nge simila.

Photosynthesis ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: ukukhanya futhi kumnyama. Esigabeni sokuqala, lo photolysis yamanzi, umoya-mpilo ukukhululwa ejenti futhi-synthesis ATP, NADPH. I dark-photosynthesis sinyathelo kubangela ukusabela ezilandelanayo, okuholela kwemiqondo glucose noma ushukela analogs.

Kungani izitshalo zidinga photosynthesis?

Ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphila isitshalo ezitolo evamile esiningi isitashi. Isitashi - a polysaccharide, okuyinto monomer glucose. Akumangalisi ukuthi umzimba izitshalo zonke izigaba okungenzeka izinto ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo, inani elikhulu ukuthatha carbohydrate.

Izici isakhiwo columnar izicubu amaseli ukubamba kahle amandla okukhanya, okuyinto ebalulekile ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ye-photosynthesis. Phakathi izinyathelo amnyama kwemiqondo glucose nezinye hexoses ezigcinwa ngesimo ezinkulu isitashi polymeric molecule e parenchymal amaseli. Ngisho ngaphakathi chloroplast ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka agcine okusanhlamvu isitashi.

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