Krypton - isici zamakhemikhali. ifomula Krypton

Eplanethini yethu ikhona sebuningini compounds ezahlukene, izinto eziphilayo nokumbiwa. Ngakho, indoda obala, kuhlelwe futhi wasebenzisa ngesibalo esingaphezu kwengxenye yesigidi izakhiwo zomhlaba eziphilayo ezingaphezu kuka-500,000 ngaphandle-ke. Futhi unyaka ngamunye leli nani elandayo, njengoba ukuthuthukiswa imboni kwamakhemikhali hhayi emi namanje, emazweni ngenkuthalo asathuthuka futhi ezikhuthaza.

Kodwa okumangalisayo ukuthi ngeke ngisho ukuthi. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi konke lokhu ezihlukahlukene izinto eyakhelwe yonke 118 izakhi zamakhemikhali. Yilokho okukhulu ngempela! uhlelo ngezikhathi izakhi zamakhemikhali kuyisisekelo, okuyinto imidwebo ibonisa ukwehluka zomhlaba eziphilayo kanye wezinto ezingaphili.

Ukwahlukanisa adi-

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ongakhetha ukushiyana kwezidalwa izakhiwo idatha. Ngakho, ishadi lesikhathi kwamakhemikhali kunemibandela ngamaqembu amabili:

• izakhi Metal (iningi);
• nonmetals (ephansi okuyingxenye).

Kulokhu imisuka up elise ngezansi esinikelweko umngcele idayagonali kusukela boron ukuba astatine, kanti eyesibili - labo ngenhla. Nokho, kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga ngakho kule ngezigaba, isibonelo, ithini (likhona alpha- ne-beta-ifomu, enye yazo - metal, kanye nezinye - a nonmetal). Ngakho-ke, okuhlukile ezinjalo ngokuthi ngokwahlukana awukwazi ukujabulisa ngokuphelele.

Futhi uhlelo ngezikhathi izakhi zamakhemikhali kungenziwa ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka izakhiwo lakamuva.

1. Ukuba izakhiwo eyisisekelo (ukunciphisa) - izinsimbi ejwayelekile, tincenye main iqembu 1.2 iqembu (ngaphandle beryllium).
2. Ukuba izakhiwo esidi (oxidants) - nonmetals ejwayelekile. 6.7 Imisuka amaqembu ayinhloko, sub-ngamaqembu.
3. izakhiwo Amphoteric (ezimbili) - zonke izinsimbi kanye ye-amaqembu ezinye phezulu.
4. Elements nonmetals, futhi azibonakali njengoba ekunciphiseni ejenti njengoba oxidants (kuye ngokuthi izimo ukuphendula).

Ivame ukutholakala ngakho wafunda izakhi zamakhemikhali. 8 ebangeni sikole wayeqondeni betadisha izakhiwo ukukhumbula amagama uhlamvu nokuwaphimisa ngesiRashiya. Lena imfuneko ukuze afaneleke Mastering-chemistry esikhathini esizayo, ngesisekelo konke. ithebula Periodic kwamakhemikhali uhlale emkhakheni buka kwezingane, kodwa ukwazi reactivity ezivamile futhi wabo kufanele.

Iqembu ekhethekile kulesi simiso kuthatha lesishiyagalombili. Izakhi we iqeqebana main abizwa ngokuthi yizicukuthwane - yizicukuthwane - igesi ukuze akhe amagobolondo electronic igcwaliswe futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ongaphakeme chemical reactivity. Omunye wabo - Krypton, isici chemical kule nombolo 36 - ezocatshangelwa yithi ngokuningiliziwe. I bonke abanye asebenza nabo etafuleni nazo amagesi enhle, asetshenziswa kabanzi ngomuntu.

Krypton - isici chemical

Lokhu owakhileyo System Periodic kuyinto esikhathini sesine, iqembu yesishiyagalombili, subgroups main. Inombolo ye-serial, futhi kungakho inani electron futhi icala yenuzi (inombolo proton) = 36 Kule singaphetha ngokuthi siyoba yini ifomula electronic Krypton. Bhala-ke: _{+ 36} Kr 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2P ⁶ bo-3 3p ⁶ 4s ² 4p ^{10 6} 3d.

Ngokusobala, yangaphandle amandla ezingeni kuyi-athomu ye ngokugcwele igcwaliswe. Lokhu kunquma reactivity aphansi kakhulu lapho lesi sakhi. Nokho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile nokho ekwazile angene force abanye ukusabela gas esitebeleni ezifana Krypton. elementi Chemical, noma kunalokho, isikhundla sakhe uhlelo, isakhiwo electronic, bese uvumele ukuthola elinye isici esibalulekile-athomu: Valence. Okungukuthi, ikhono izibopho zamakhemikhali.

Ngokuvamile sithi ukuthi cishe njalo isimo non-ujabule ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ilingana nenani iqembu, lapho itholakala (uma sibala sisuka ngowokuqala lesine ukuze, bese okuphambene nalokho, 1234321). Nokho, Valence ka Krypton kule Uhlaka kungahlali, ngoba akukho olwengeziwe amandla okuthunyelwe, okungukuthi ngaphandle excitation ye-athomu, ke ngokuvamile kuba inert ngokuphelele futhi Valence yayo ka-zero.

Uma nokho sifinyelele excitation yayo athomu, ama-electron ungashukumisela ukubhanqa-breaking kanye khulula 4D esemkhathini. Yingakho kungenzeka Valence Krypton: 2,4,6. isimo namachibi limalungana + (+ 2 + 4, + 6).

Umlando yokutholakala

Ngemva kokutholakala amagesi inert - argon ngo-1894, helium ngo-1985 - ukubikezela futhi uqinisekise kungenzeka abe khona emvelweni kalula Gases ngoba ososayensi wayengekho. Imizamo esemqoka kule isiqondiso wayenethonya uWilliam Ramsay, owathola argon. Wayekholelwa kufanele ukuthi emoyeni kukhona amagesi inert, kodwa isibalo sabo sincane abangelutho ukuze inqubo ongeke ukwazi ukuzilungisa khona kwabo.

Ngakho-ke, kuvula Krypton isici kwaba iminyaka embalwa kuphela. Ngo 1898, emoyeni wayehlala kude neon igesi, nangemva kwakhe, nezinye kwakwakhe inert okungukuthi nobunzima ekutholeni futhi ehlala kude, kwanqunywa ukuba igama Krypton. Phela, kusukela lesiGreki "Kryptos" kusho ezifihliwe.

ayikwazanga kutholelwe isikhathi eside, kwakunzima kakhulu. It kuqinisekisa ukuthi kwelinye imitha cubic air iqukethe okukodwa ngemililitha gas. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana Isamba esingaphansi imfimbolo! Lokho kungenzeka ukuba uhlole ketshezi, kwathatha eziyikhulu cubic amasentimitha air ketshezi. Ngenhlanhla, ngalesi sikhathi, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthuthukisa izindlela ngokukhiqiza futhi liquefying emoyeni inqwaba. ukujika okunjalo imicimbi bavunyelwe bazuze impumelelo kule ukutholakala uW Ramsay isici Krypton.

idatha Spectroscopic waqinisekisa okutholakele owandulelayo kwenziwe into entsha. "Hidden" igesi umugqa omusha ngokuphelele bohlu, okwakuyinto kunoma iyiphi uxhumano ngaleso sikhathi.

Kwakheka izidakamizwa elula ifomula salo

Uma Krypton - isici chemical okuqondene igesi engaxubani namakhemikhali, kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi kungaba ndaba elula molecule oluyingozi. Kuyinto. Simple izidakamizwa Krypton - Kr igesi enokumangalelwa monohydric. Ngokuvamile thina zijwayele ekuboneni amagesi ne Inkomba "2", isibonelo, O _2, H _2, nokunye. Kodwa lesi sici ihlukile ngenxa yilungu lomkhaya amagesi enhle, ephelele electron igobolondo athomu.

izakhiwo

Njenganoma iyiphi nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali kule futhi has izici zayo siqu. I Izakhiwo ezilandelayo ngokomzimba of Krypton.

1. igesi esindayo kakhulu - kathathu ngaphezu kwamaminithi emoyeni.
2. Ayikho ukunambitheka.
3. Kungekho nto enemibala emihle.
4. Ayinaphunga.
5. I ukuvala abacaphuni -152 ⁰ C.
6. I kwabantu ka izidakamizwa kwezimo ezivamile, 3,74 g / l.
7. Ukuma -157.3 ⁰ C.
8. okusezingeni eliphezulu ionization amandla 14 ev.
9. Electronegativity ubuye ngempela okusezingeni eliphezulu - 2.6.
10. Oncibilikayo-benzene, kancane emanzini. Nge lokushisa okwandisa solubility of uketshezi incipha. Futhi exutshwe ethanol.
11. Ekamelweni lokushisa, it has a permittivity.

Ngakho, igesi Krypton sinezici olwanele amakhemikhali futhi ukuba wusizo izakhiwo zayo ngazinye.

chemical izakhiwo

Uma ukudluliswa Krypton (igesi) esimweni okuqinile, ke crystallizes ku ngekwendzawo granetsentricheskuyu ngehele cubic. Kuleli zinga, kubalulekile ukwazi ukufaka ku zamakhemikhali. Ziyakwazi ezimbalwa, kodwa zikhona.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana izinto, okuyinto kuye kwakhishwa ngesisekelo Krypton.

1. It yakha clathrates ngamanzi: ^Kr. 5,75N ₂ O.

2. Amafomu nabo izinto eziphilayo:

• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H, OH;
• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H ₅ CH _3;
• ^2Kr. CCL _^4. 17h ₂ O;
• ^2Kr. CHCL _^3. 17h ₂ O;
• ^2Kr. _{(CH3) 2} ^CO. 17h ₂ O;
• 0,75 ^Kr. LC ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.

3. Ezimweni ezinzima kungaba asabela nge sasekhaya, ukuthi oxidized. Ngakho, nge reagent ifomula Krypton kuthatha ifomu: KrF _2, noma Krypton difluoride. I degree of namachibi e enkompolo 2.

4. Ngokulinganiswa muva ukwazile synthesize ekhuthaza okuhlanganisa ukuxhumana phakathi Krypton nomoya-mpilo: Kr-O (Kr (OTeF _{5) 2).}

5. Finland eseke imiksi ezithakazelisayo Krypton nge acetylene ngokuthi gidrokriptoatsetilen: HKrC≡CH.

6. Krypton fluoride (4) ubuye KrF _4. Lapho ziyoncibilika emanzini, kwakwakhe uyakwazi ukwakha ababuthakathaka futhi engazinzile Krypton acid, aziwa kuphela usawoti barium yombala: BaKrO _4.

7. Ifomula ka Krypton yokuxhumana eyenziwe kusukela difluoride yayo, libukeka kanje:

• KrF ⁺ SbF ₆ ^-;
• Kr ₂ F ₃ ⁺ auf ₆ ^-.

Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi, naphezu inertness zamakhemikhali, le gesi ziphephile ekunciphiseni izakhiwo futhi bangangena nokuxhumana ikhemikhali izimo elawula kakhulu. Lokhu kukunika bamakhemikhali emhlabeni wonke ukukhanya green kungenzeka liphenya ngalesi "ocashe" emoyeni ingxenye. Kungenzeka ukuthi compounds omusha uthole isicelo ebanzi kwezobuchwepheshe umkhakha maduzane elizobe kwemiqondo.

Ukunqunywa igesi

Kunezindlela eziningana yokunquma igesi:

• chromatography;
• spectroscopy;
• izindlela ukumuncwa ukuhlaziywa.

Kunezindlela Izinto ezimbalwa kunqunywa izinqubo ezifanayo, nabo ibekwe etafuleni gqwa. Krypton, Xenon, Radon - olusindayo we amagesi yizicukuthwane kanye kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola kwabo futhi kudingeka ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi izindlela physico-amakhemikhali.

Izindlela ukulungiswa

Indlela eyinhloko ukuthola - air ukucutshungulwa ketshezi. Kodwa ngenxa yokuqukethwe ongaphakeme ambalwa of Krypton kubalulekile ukucubungula izigidi cubic metres ukwenziwa esincane gas zasebukhosini. Yonke inqubo ithatha indawo ngezigaba ezintathu.

1. ukwelashwa emoyeni ekhethekile emoyeni ngokwahlukana amakholomu. Ngakho lapho is a division of ukugeleza ingqikithi izinto kwi ingxenyenamba usinde - ingxube hydrocarbon negesi etusekayo-mpilo uketshezi, kanye ukuxegiselwa - okuphothula eziningi amagesi. Njengoba iningi izinto eziqhumayo, ikholomu has a esidayisa hose ekhethekile, okuyothi uma ahlukaniswe yezingxenye olusindayo. Phakathi kwabo, futhi Krypton. Ngesikhathi ophumayo, ubizwa kakhulu ezingcoliswe ndaba angaphandle. Ukuze uthole umkhiqizo okumsulwa, kudingeka okwengeziwe ngaphansi eziningi othize amakhemikhali ukwelashwa nge izihlanzi ekhethekile.
2. Kulesi sigaba, ingxube Krypton futhi Xenon, ingcoliswe hydrocarbon. Ukuze wokuhlanza usebenzisa amadivaysi ekhethekile lapho namachibi kanye adsorption ingxube ukuqeda izingxenye engadingeki kakhulu. Kulokhu ingxube uqobo uhlala yedwa amagesi yizicukuthwane ndawonye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke le nqubo ithatha indawo ngaphansi kwengcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu, okubangela igesi shintsho esimweni liquid.
3. Ngesikhathi esigabeni sokugcina ngokwahlukana kufanele kube yokugcina igesi ingxube ukuthola ukuhlanzeka okusezingeni eliphezulu ikakhulukazi Krypton futhi Xenon. Ngenxa yalesi ukufakwa ekhethekile esiyingqayizivele yakhelwe, ngobuchwepheshe ephelele le nqubo. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka high quality umkhiqizo ngesimo Krypton gaseous.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, zonke izinqubo kungenzeka eyindilinga, ngaphandle kokuma ukukhiqizwa uma feedstock - emoyeni - ilethwa lemali efanele. Lokhu kwenza kube lula zamagama yamagesi ezihloniphekayo, kuhlanganise Krypton, e ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu ezimbonini.

Isitoreji futhi kuthuthwe ngendlela ephephile umkhiqizo yenzeka ekhethekile metal iziqukathi nge umbhalo oqoshiwe ezifanele. Ziyakwazi ecindezelwa, futhi izinga lokushisa isitoreji ingeqi 20 ⁰ C.

Okuqukethwe ngokwemvelo

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, zikhona hhayi nje i-Krypton isici, futhi isotopes yayo. Sekukonke kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziyisithupha amelana izimo zemvelo:

• Krypton-78 - 0.35%;
• Krypton-80 - 2.28%;
• Krypton-82 - 11,58%;
• Krypton-83 - 11,49%;
• Krypton-84 - 57%;
• Krypton-86 - 17.3%.

is igesi equkethwe kuphi? Yiqiniso kukhona, futhi lapho kwahlonzwa okokuqala - emoyeni. Amaphesenti elincane kakhulu ^-% 1.14 x 10 ^{-4 kuphela.} Futhi idatha replenishment njalo igesi yizicukuthwane reserves imvelo kungenxa ukusabela zenuzi ngaphakathi lithosphere Zomhlaba. Kwakulapho ukuthi ingxenye enkulu ye esitebeleni IKhompyuthaYami izinhlobonhlobo lesi sici.

ukusetshenziswa abantu

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba athole Krypton kusukela emoyeni inqwaba. Futhi kukhona zonke izizathu zokukholelwa ukuthi maduze nje uzosusa inert argon igesi ama-globe kagesi. Phela, egcwele Krypton, zizoba ukonga ngaphezulu: efanayo amandla ukusetshenziswa bayoba isikhathi eside futhi zikhanyise licace. Libuye kangcono ukumelana sindisa, njengoba kuqhathaniswa ngenqubo evamile, zazo zigcwele nenye nitrogen ne argon.

Lokhu kungachazwa sedentary Krypton molecule elikhulu nelisindayo ukuthi zivimbela ukudluliswa ukushisa kusukela isibani ingilazi ukuze intambo, nokwehlisa ukuhwamuka zama-athomu ebusweni.

Futhi, IKhompyuthaYami enemisebe Kr Kr ⁸⁵ esetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa izibani ezikhethekile baye uyakwazi likhipha beta imisebe. Lokhu amandla okukhanya iguqulwe ibe ukukhanya ebonakalayo. Lezi izibani kuqukathe isibani ingilazi izindonga kabani kwangaphakathi kuthiwa camera nge Ukwakheka phosphorescent. Beta imisebe IKhompyuthaYami Krypton, ukuthola kule ungqimba, okubangela it ziyavutha ukuthi lubonakale kahle ngisho at ibanga 500 m.

Ngisho at ibanga kutheksthi lebhaliwe kungabonwa ngokucacile kuze kufinyelele 3 metres. Izibani okuhlala, ngoba isigamu-ukuphila le IKhompyuthaYami Krypton-85 eminyakeni engaba ngu-10. Idivayisi ukusebenza kungakhathaliseki umthombo wamanje kanye imvelo bangaphandle.

Futhi fluoride Krypton ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo oxidants Propellant. Kr-F kwakwakhe wokuqamba asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni excimer lasers. Ezinye isotopes ka Krypton kusetshenziswa imithi. Ikakhulu ngoba imishini zokuxilonga, lo ukuthola of perforations futhi ukuvuza cleaner izinhlelo, isibikezelo futhi ukuthola ukugqwala, njengoba imishini elawulwa bafake izingxenye.

Enye ukusetshenziswa Krypton - a amashubhu-X-ray, zazo zigcwele kubo. ososayensi Modern babheka izindlela ukusebenzisa le gesi njengoba yamathebhu lichaza ekwakheni Izingxube zokuphefumula ukuba umuntu acwile emanzini. ukusetshenziswa kungenziwa igcwaliseke futhi ukuze kubulawe izinzwa kwezokwelapha.