Izigaba komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane leqembu: Indlela Yokwenza

Bonke abantu abaphila kulembulunga, kuhlanganiswe nomunye ezihlukahlukene kakhulu emphakathini eziningi ukumelana hhayi. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi amaqembu. generality ezinjalo ezahlukene, okuyilezi: .. Komphakathi, ezinkulu kanye nezincane, loluhlelekile nalolungakahleleki, ngesimo futhi langempela, abasebenzi kanye ukuqeqesha, njll Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu angawodwa ezingeni eliphansi kanye eliphezulu ukuthuthukiswa.

Esikhathini sokuqala kwezine ngisesimweni kubo kuhambisana nokuntuleka tekubumbana, okuwuphiko ecacile abaholi nobuhlobo obuhle nabanye. Ukuthuthukiswa ephezulu ezingeni ngokuvamile ngokuthi iqembu. Lokhu commonality Unazo lezo izakhiwo ezingekho kumiswa ezingeni eliphansi ngendlela.

Umqondo collective

Indlela, okuyinto iqembu eliphansi kuze kube isinyathelo phezulu sokuthuthuka, uhlukile. Kodwa ekugcineni, lo mphakathi has nomthelela obalulekile ngabanye.

izimpawu lethimba

Iqembu labantu isezingeni yayo eliphezulu ukuthuthukiswa, uma ikhona:
- ukuze kufinyelelwe umgomo ofanayo;
- imisebenzi ngokuhlanganyela;
- umthwalo kuncika komunye nomunye;
- Ukuphathwa jikelele, okuyinto kungaba omunye wamalungu ezinethonya kunazo, noma izilawuli.

Eqenjini kunezinhlobo ezihlukene zobuhlobo:
- siqu, okuncike uzwela, antipathy ngamadodana awo nokuthi ayawathanda;
- ibhizinisi kudingeka ukwabelana umsebenzi.

abasebenzi esikoleni

Okubaluleke kakhulu e kumiswa ubuntu kuyinto iqembu zemfundo. It yadalwa ngesimo esikoleni nabafundi ngesisekelo nezifiso wabelane impumelelo, kanye ngesisekelo ubudlelwane evamile emphakathini. Kulesi ithimba kunenhlangano eliphezulu ubudlelwane obufanele kanye ukuzibusa. Kumiswa umphakathi ezifana oyenza isebenze abafundi ekuthuthukiseni focus, balolonge amasiko abo yokuziphatha futhi omuhle ubudlelwane obufanele.

Ithimba esikoleni siqukethe izinto ezilandelayo:
- primary (amakilasi);
- isikhathi (imibuthano evulekile, amakilabhu ezemidlalo);
- (uhulumeni umzimba esikoleni, iKomiti Student) esisemthethweni;
- ngokwethukela.

kusho wezemfundo

Kumiswa umfundi ngamunye emphakathini esikoleni kwenteka ngekutsi bafundzi:
- imisebenzi nokuqeqeshwa kumakhono;
- imisebenzi eyengeziwe-curricular;
- umsebenzi;
- umsebenzi kwezamasiko kanye nezemfundo, ezenhlalo kanye nomphakathi.

Ukuze udale iqembu lesikole enempilo, kumele:
- ukukhulisa umfundi kwempahla, ukusiza uthisha kanye nethonya elihle bonke nabo;
- ukuhlela ezemidlalo zokungcebeleka, ezemfundo, abasebenzi kanye ukuqeqeshwa imisebenzi;
- nokuphimisela izidingo Pedagogical.

Izigaba kumiswa collective

Omkhulu uthisha A. S. Makarenko washayelwa imithetho eyisisekelo esingaphila ngazo abafundi nomphakathi. Isimiso zalo eziyisisekelo siyahamba. Kuyinto uhlobo lokuphila ngokuhlanganyela. Misa ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi ukufa kwakhe.

Izimiso eziyinhloko leqembu, ngokuvumelana umfundisi omkhulu, encike emphakathini, kanye nethemba. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa futhi ukusebenza okucishe kufane nalokhu wonke amalungu alo.

Makarenko Kwembula esigabeni ukuthuthukiswa iqembu. Zakhiwa izigaba ezine, eyokuqala Ukwakheka. Kuthatha indawo ngesikhathi kumiswa isigaba, mug noma iqoqo noma umphakathi psycho-social, lapho ubudlelwano phakathi abafundi ichazwe ngu imigomo yabo, izinjongo kanye nohlobo imisebenzi ngokuhlanganyela. Kulokhu, umhleli oyinhloko iyona uthisha, ukusunduza izingane nezimfuneko ezithile.

Esikhathini komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane yesibili luphakanyiswa umphumela kwempahla ngokuhlanganyela. Kuyinto abafundi hhayi kuphela nezidingo uthisha, kodwa futhi eyiyisa ukuphumula basekilasini lakhe. Kulesi sigaba ukuthuthukiswa izenzo njengohulumeni uhlelo ephelele, okuyinto kakade athuthukile futhi uqale izindlela ukuzithiba ukusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu iyithuluzi ezivamile ngoba imfundo okubhekiswe of izimfanelo zomuntu omuhle.

In esigabeni sesithathu yentuthuko Makarenko collective liyanda. I commonality siza kulokhu komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane, lapho okufunwa amalungu ayo ukuba ibe ephakeme kunaleyo eziyizungezile. Konke lokhu kufakazela ekuzuzweni kwemiPhumela ezingeni lelisetulu imfundo, kanye ukuzinza izahlulelo nemibono abafundi.

Ukuba iqembu ezinje, umuntu has zonke izimfanelo ekubumbeni ukuziphatha nobuqotho. Isici esiyinhloko lo mphakathi ngalesi sinyathelo kwentuthuko khona isipiliyoni ezivamile futhi nokuhlolwa efanayo zezenzakalo ezikule ncwadi.

Isigaba sesine iqembu ezinyakazayo. Kulesi sigaba, abafundi ngesisekelo kakade kufakwe isipiliyoni collective, ukuphoqelela nezimfuneko ezithile ngokwabo. Ngakho izidingo eziyisisekelo zezingane iba ukugcinwa kwemazinga ekutiphatsa. Kulesigaba inqubo ukuqeqeshwa okuphuma ngokushelela azethembe imfundo.

Zonke izigaba ithimba ukuthuthukiswa ukuze Makarenko akudingeki imingcele ecacile. Ngamunye izigaba okwalandela yengezwe langaphambilini, kunokuba ingena esikhundleni ke.

Echaza umbono wakhe izigaba kwabasebenzi ukuthuthukiswa, uthisha omkhulu alalelwa okukhulu emasikweni esungulwe ngamalungu ayo. Leli fomu esitebeleni zokuphila emphakathini, nokusiza ukuthuthukisa Ukuziphatha okunjalo, kanye zokuhlobisa nokulungisa ekuthuthukiseni impilo yasesikoleni.

Ngokwe Makarenko, hlanganani futhi ugqozi iqembu uyakwazi ukuqondisa, okungase eduze, phakathi nakude. Sekela ngowokuqala wabo ezazizozuzisa yena. Umgomo Isilinganiso kunqunywa kushuba isikhathi futhi engangeneki esiphawuleka kunazo emphakathini. Okunjalo amathemba uhlelo kumele igcwale lonke iqembu. Kuphela kuleli cala, ukukhula kwawo kuzokwenzeka ngokwemvelo.

Uma ucabangela esiteji ukuthuthukiswa ithimba zezingane zokufundisa, Makarenko ukubeka phambili njengoba isimiso isinyathelo ngokulinganisa. Kusho ukuthini? Ngezinye isigaba esithile ithimba ukuthuthukiswa, ilunga ngalinye singaphansi isenzo ngesikhathi esisodwa uthisha kanye ozakwabo zakhe. Ngezinye izikhathi izinhlawulo ihlongandlebe kungase ngingabi nokhahlo kakhulu. Yingakho lesi simiso Makarenko amathiphu kusetshenziswe ngokuqapha.

Ngokwe uthisha owaziwa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela, band bakheké ngokuphelele libhekene izici ezilandelayo:
- ukuqapha njalo;
- ubunye nobungane wonke amalungu;
- ukuzethemba;
- ugqozi isenzo kuhleleke;
- Umuzwa wokulondeka;
- ukuzibamba ngokomzwelo.

Ukuthuthukiswa imfundiso yokuziphendukela Makarenko

izigaba Isici ithimba ukuthuthukiswa kubhekwe emibhalweni Sukhomlinsky. Lokhu uthisha, beneminyaka eminingi uthisha kanye umqondisi wesikole, osekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu uklame Lisethi lemigomo ngawo kumiswa iqembu ehleleke kakhulu kubafundi. Phakathi kwabo:
- ubunye abafundi;
- Initiative;
- amateur;
- yingcebo ubudlelwano phakathi abafundi nothisha;
- Ukuvumelana izithakazelo;
- nendima evelele nguthishela, nokunye ..

Stage ithimba ukuthuthukiswa kubhekwe emibhalweni yawo A. T. Kurakin, LI novikov nabanye. Futhi leli phuzu banayo indlela ehlukile ngokuphelele. Lezi abalobi bakholelwa ukuthi lapho umuntu esigabeni ukuthuthukiswa ngokuhlanganyela umfundi hlanganani akuzona izingane kuphela izimfuneko. Siza kulesi sici nakwezinye izindlela.

Eminyakeni yamuva, kukhona ukuthambekela abahlukene ukuqonda by iqembu ngokuhlanganyela enamalungu abe ezingeni eliphezulu yentuthuko. Kulokhu, umphakathi anjalo kufanele kube umsebenzi Integrative ezahlukene, ubunye kanye nokugxila enobunye. Ikhwalithi kubalulekile kakhulu iqembu, ngokuvumelana abalobi yesimanje, lisezingeni elinjani ukuvuthwa zenhlalo nezengqondo. Kuyinto lesi sici yilona imfuneko esemqoka ukuze kwakhiwe iqembu iqembu. Ziyini izigaba eyinhloko lasungulwa?

In the isinyathelo sokuqala iqembu-band kuphakama nhlanganisela. Lokhu commonality yakhiwa ezazingaziwa komunye nomunye izingane ababebuthene ngesikhathi esisodwa endaweni eyodwa. Ubudlelwano izingane lesi sinyathelo ngokuvamile olukha phezulu kanye nesimo. Uma iqembu elinjalo ukwabela igama, khona-ke kuzokwenzeka nominalization. Esimweni lapho ilungu lethimba enjalo alamukeli izimo phambi kwayo futhi izinjongo, aphuma nhlanganisela akwenzekanga. Ezimweni ezinjalo akukhona okungavamile ukuba likhithike e-umkhuba esikoleni.

Uma inhlangano kokuqala kwenzeka, khona-ke ithimba wathatha isimo primary. Iqembu iya inhlangano, lapho umgomo ngamunye amalungu ayo kulindeleke umsebenzi. Kulelizinga, emabhuloki lokuqala abekwa kwetinhlavu iqembu. Ngezinye ilunga zokuziphilisa iqembu lithuthela ezingeni eliphakeme inhlangano, ukushintsha ubudlelwane obufanele.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle ushintsho komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane ithimba zezingane. Ngesikhathi sigaba esilandelayo Kumiswa band-nokubambisana. umphakathi okunjalo ihlukile isakhiwo yimpumelelo futhi asebenzayo kwenhlangano. Futhi kulokhu kukhona ezingeni lelisetulu iqembu ukubambisana ukulungela. Zonke ubudlelwano phakathi amalungu eqembu co-operation ibhizinisi futhi enqophe lo mgomo.

umqondo Lutoshkina

Ngokusho lo mbhali, esigabeni esilandelayo ukuthuthukiswa ithimba yomfundi:
1. Isigaba sokuqala - iqembu bokuzisholo. Lokhu commonality ukhona ngokusemthethweni futhi ubambisane nesikhathi. Uma lokhu kwenzeka esikoleni, iqembu elibizwa ekilasini disjointed.
2. yesibili esiteji - iqembu izinhlangano. Senzeka khona imigomo efanayo kuwo wonke amalungu ayo.
3. Ngo esigabeni sesithathu yentuthuko kwenzeka Lutoshkina iqembu lilonke nokubambisana. It libhekene ubunye injongo, ukuziqambela okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye indlela esihlanganisiwe ekuxazululeni izinkinga.
4. Isigaba sesine - ukudalwa iqembu-ukuzimela. Lokhu ehlukanisa ubunye yangaphakathi omphakathi, self-athuthukiswe futhi abaqeqeshiwe ukuxazulula le nkinga.
5. Isinyathelo sesihlanu libhekene iqembu ukubukeka-band. Lona isigaba eliphakeme yentuthuko yomphakathi, zonke elimalungu alo exhumene ngumuntu injongo eyodwa, kanye nemisebenzi endleleni ukuyifinyelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu elinjalo kungabonakala nasemkhakheni morale ubunye ukulungela isakhiwo eliphezulu futhi ephelele yenhlangano.

Cabanga zonke izici ezichazwe A. N. Lutoshkinym izinyathelo.

iqembu okuzisholo

Kulesi sigaba ukuthuthukiswa ithimba zemfundo angathathwa ngokuthi "isihlabathi okuxekethile". Ukuqhathanisa akuyona ngephutha. Uma uthi nhlá, okusanhlamvu zihlanganiswa. Nokho, ngamunye wabo kukodwa. Njalo umoya umoya ungasabalalisa sasogwini kuzo zonke izindawo. Ngakho izohlala kuze kukhona umuntu raked wabayisa inqwaba. Lomkhuba efanayo kwenzeka emphakathini wesintu lapho amaqembu athile ihlelwe ngokuqondile noma kuzona izimo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi sonke lesikhathi. Kodwa ngakolunye - ilungu leqembu ngalinye isendaweni yayo. Lokhu "isihlabathi idiphozi" engalethi wokwaneliseka nenjabulo.

Iqembu-Association

Lesi sigaba leqembu ukuthuthukiswa ibizwa ngokuthi "ubumba Soft." Leli gama lo wanikelwa esiteji akuyona ngephutha. oluthambile sisetshenziselwa izinto ukuthi kungenziwa kalula edalulwa. Ukuthatha ke esandleni, ungakwazi sculpt lutho. Inkosi enhle ungenza esibuthakathaka enhle ngobumba noma yimuphi omunye sihloko esihle. Kodwa ngaphandle isicelo yomzamo impahla uzohlala nje ucezu inhlabathi.

Ngakho-ke kuyinto in pool yezingane. Lapha indima master ungadlala umholi esisemthethweni, uthisha ekilasini noma umfundi ohlonishwayo. Yebo, hhayi ukuthi yonke into ihamba kahle. Eqenjini akanakho okuhlangenwe nakho nokubambisana mutual. Nokho, kulesigaba kakade imizamo lubonakale ukuhlanganisa umphakathi.

Iqembu nokubambisana

Lesi sigaba leqembu ukuthuthukiswa ubizwa ngokuthi "beacon anombala ocwazimulayo." Ngalesi collective esiteji uqhathaniswa isiphepho ulwandle. Kutholwe phakathi amagagasi agubhayo wazibonela itilosi siyafiliza beacon umlilo ikuvumela ukuthi ukhethe indlela efanele futhi kuletha ithemba. Kukhona idinga kuphela qaphela ukuba sikhohlwe ray ahlengayo.

Ithimba, kwakheka okuyinto eqenjini, futhi inikeza ngamunye amasignali ilungu layo ngokukhetha indlela efanele futhi uhlale ekulungele ungisize ekusizeni. Kulesi umphakathi kukhona isifiso sokusebenza futhi basizane. Indima yesibani idlala kwempahla.

Iqembu-ukuzimela

Esigabeni esilandelayo ithimba ukuthuthukiswa ubizwa ngokuthi "oseyili klebhu '. Lesi sigaba of nenshisekelo phambili, ukwethembeka friendly futhi ukungahlaliseki. Ngo isenzo ngokuhlanganyela anjalo futhi siphile ngokuvumelana nesimiso we Musketeers "eyodwa yawo wonke futhi zonke oyedwa." Kulesi sigaba ekuthuthukiseni yesithakazelo collective iqhaza friendly kuyahambisana ne-mutual olinde iziphethe kahle. Ifa leqembu - kuyinto abagqugquzeli okuthembekile nabanolwazi, kanye abangane abathembekile. Bahlale bekulungele ukusiza, njengoba le ndaba kanye nomkhandlu.

Iqembu abasebenzi

Ngakho zonke izigaba ezinkulu ithimba ukuthuthukiswa yadlula, futhi evuka ukushaya esigabeni yesihlanu, ngokuthi "ithoshi". Akumangalisi lokhu esigabeni lihlotshaniswa ilangabi bukhoma. Kuyinto intando ezivamile, ubungane obuseduze, ibhizinisi wokubambisana nokuqondana ezinhle. Kulesi sigaba, kwakheka iqembu yangempela ukuthi ungalokothi uvala ukuba imikhawulo emincane yabo isondelene kanye inhlangano enobungane. Afakwe abantu ngeke bahlala banganandaba ezinkingeni namanye amaqembu, ukhanyisa indlela yabo njengoba Danko ziyaphawuleka, inhliziyo yakhe wamalangabi.