Izimiso zomthetho wetela ekubuyiseleni kwezesayensi yezomnotho

Ukuhlaziywa kwesayensi okuphindaphindiwe kokuthuthukiswa komthetho wentela akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokucabangela isipiliyoni sangaphandle sezesayensi yezomnotho nezezimali kulolu chungechunge. Ukuqonda intela njengengxenye ebalulekile yombuso kwanikezela amaphuzu ahlukahlukene ahlukene ngombono, inhloso, indlela eyamukelekayo yokukhishwa, izizathu zomthetho zokukhululwa, ukwakheka komthetho kanye nemigomo yentela. Uma ucwaningo luqhubeka lufuna izimiso ezingaphendula imibuzo: indlela efanele yokwenza imigomo nemisebenzi yomthetho wentela, indlela yokuqoqa intela kahle, ukugcina ibhalansi yemali yangasese kanye nezimali zomphakathi, khona-ke isayensi yezomthetho izama ukuphendula lo mbuzo: indlela yokulawula lolu hlobo lomsebenzi Njengoba kulondolozwe ukuvumelana kwezithakazelo zangasese nezomphakathi.

Ubuhlobo bomphakathi, obusungulwe emazweni aseYurophu eminyaka eyi-XVIII-XIX. Futhi umkhuba wokukhokhela intela, uye waphumelela kakhulu kwimpumelelo yesayensi yabacwaningi emkhakheni wentela, okwakwenza kube nemibono ehlukahlukene yokubheka ngesidingo, ubulungiswa nokusebenza komkhuba wokukhokha intela nguhulumeni. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono ehlukahlukene mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izimiso zomthetho wentela okufanele zibe khona, kwenzeka ngaphakathi kohlaka lokucatshangelwa kwezezimali.

Noma kunjalo, lesi simo asivimbeli ukutadisha okuningiliziwe kwemigomo yentela ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho wentela. Ukusekela lesi sikhundla, izingxoxo ezilandelayo zingashiwo:

- Okokuqala, isayensi yomthetho wentela ihlobene ngokuqondile nezesayensi yezomnotho emkhakheni wentela, ngenxa yokucwaninga, imibono eyisisekelo yentela yentuthuko ithuthukiswe ngaphansi kwethonya lezomnotho nezenhlangano zentela, okubili kokubili imigomo yomthetho wetela kanye nemigomo yokulawulwa kwentela ;

- Okwesibini, indlela yokulungiswa kwezintela ezingeni likahulumeni akunakwenzeka ngaphandle komthetho wezomthetho;

- Okwesithathu, kukhona ukwahlukana kwemiqondo yemigomo yentela kanye nemigomo yomthetho wetela. Eyokuqala yimibono eyisisekelo yomnotho, eyakhiwe ngesisekelo semikhuba efanele. Zenza esinye isenzakalo - imigomo nezinhlinzeko zomthetho wentela.

Ukwakhiwa kanye nemvelaphi yombono wezintela ngokujwayelekile kuthiwa yizimfundiso zika-A. Smith. Uqale wabhala ngokucacile le mithetho emine yentela, eyayibizwa ngokuthi "isimemezelo samalungelo abakhokhi" futhi ngokuyinhloko ivikela izithakazelo zabakhokhi bentela. Imfanelo ka-A. Smith ayikho ekuvulekeni kokuqala kwezimiso, kodwa ekuqalisweni okuqondile kokuqukethwe kwabo.

Lezi zimiso zomthetho wentela yizinto ezilandelayo: isimiso sokungabi nabulungisa, isimiso sokuqiniseka kwetela, isimiso sokuhleleka kokukhokha, isimiso somnotho.

Isimiso sokungabi nabulungisa kuwumsebenzi wezifundo zanoma yiliphi izwe lokubamba iqhaza ekugubheni izindleko zokugcina ngokulingana ne-solvency yabo. Ngokusho kwemfundiso ka-A. Smith, isimiso sokuqala sihambisana nomkhuba wokukhokhwa kwentela, okuyisisekelo sabantu abakhokhi bentela abanemali ehlukene yokunikeza imali elinganayo nesabelomali sombuso.

Ukuqinisekiswa kwentela kuphathwa ngendlela yokungahambi kahle kokusungula intela engafakiwe, i.e. Kumele ukuthi iqukethe inani lokukhokha, isikhathi kanye nendlela yokukhokha.

Ukugcinwa kwesimiso sokukhokha okulula ukuthi intela kufanele iqoqwe ngesikhathi esikahle somkhokhi futhi ngendlela elula kakhulu.

Futhi ekugcineni, isimiso somnotho sibonisa isidingo sokunciphisa izindleko zokuqoqwa kwentela.

Esikhathini samanje sokuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle, isimiso sobulungiswa asizange siphumelele incazelo yaso yokuqala, kodwa senze ushintsho olubalulekile ngokuphathelene nezimo ezishintshayo emkhakheni wezomnotho, wezomthetho kanye nezenhlalakahle wokuphila kwesintu. Kucatshangelwa ngezici ezimbili: ku-horizontal futhi mpo. Okuyinhloko yesimiso sokubulungiswa "ngokulinganayo" kanje: izifundo ezisezingeni elilinganayo futhi ezinezinzuzo, owesibili zinomthamo ofanayo , zibophezele ukukhokhela intela emazingeni afanayo. Isimiso sobulungiswa "ngokuqondile" sisho ukuthi izinhlangano ezinamakhono ahlukene asemthethweni zibophezelekile ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezahlukene zemali yabo.

Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokuhlola izifundo eziphawulekayo zamagugu omlando wezemvelo nezomnotho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngokuhambisana nezinto ezenzeka ekuzalweni nasekuthuthukiseni umnotho omusha waleso sikhathi, imiqondo ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa imithetho ethile yomthetho wentela ewumphumela wokubili wesayensi Futhi ukuqonda okusebenzayo nokuhlaziywa kokuhlangana kwentela phakathi kombuso nomphakathi.