Izimpahla zomphakathi zokuhamba: izibonelo. izimpahla zomphakathi Pure futhi okuxubile

izimpahla zomphakathi, izibonelo zalo ezingenakususwa ngezansi ukumela netindlela tekuphila letisetjentiswa sokudliwa zonke izakhamuzi bebonke. Ukusebenzisa kwabo akuxhomekile labantu okhokhela bayazilandela yini noma cha. Ngokulandelako, cabangela ngaphezulu izimpahla zomphakathi: izinhlobo kanye nezici lezi zimiso.

Uhlolojikelele

izimpahla ezimele kanye nekahulumeni kukhona umehluko omkhulu. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, yesibili yazo zonke izakhamuzi bebonke. I itholakale kuqala ukusetshenziswa futhi bazuze ngqo kumnikazi. izimpahla ezimele kanye nekahulumeni okukhulunywa zihlukile, futhi ukwenza ukuthengiselana nabo. Eyesibili cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthengisa. nemisebenzi yomphakathi ezisetshenziswa izakhamuzi ubumnandi ngokwanele. Nokho, abantu abaningi bayenqaba ukukhokha umusa wabo.

izimpahla zomphakathi Pure futhi okuxubile

Zikhona izimpawu ezithile, ngokuhambisana okuyinto Ukwahlukaniswa amagugu. Ngakho, kukhona ukwahlukana ku izimpahla zomphakathi okumsulwa kanye okuxubile. Eyokuqala yilabo bantu abayiziphathimandla izimpawu neisklyuchaemosti futhi okungezona selectivity. Izici ukuthi asetshenziswa ngezigaba ungaba amazinga ehlukene nokubonakaliswa. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, izinzuzo ezimbili kungenziwa libhekene selectivity neisklyuchaemosti nezibonakaliso, kodwa esinye sazo, kulezi zici ziyabonakala ngezinga elincane noma elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona inhlanganisela izakhiwo kanye zamanani obuhlukahlukene.

Ngokungakhethi futhi neisklyuchaemost

Ukunikeza okumsulwa ngezimpahla yomphakathi eyodwa ngabanye akunakwenzeka ngaphandle iqhaza ezinye izakhamuzi. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela. Wonke umuntu ongashadile isebenzisa izinzuzo ezinhle. Kulokhu, iwusizo okuyinto ekhishwe kuwo lonke izakhamuzi, hhayi ziyancipha. Akekho kungenziwa ayifakiwe isibalo sabantu abasebenzisa lezi izimpahla zomphakathi. Izibonelo zalokhu zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo: naleso sakhamuzi isebenzisa inzuzo kusukela sezulu, ngaphandle ekunciphiseni iwusizo lapho ayabuya ngabanye. Kuyefana nasendleleni imitapo ngokuvakashela, ukuhamba phezu umgwaqo ovulekile.

imikhakha Evamile

Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo izinzuzo:

• Imininingwane. Lezi zihlanganisa "okuqhubekayo" izimpahla zomphakathi. Izibonelo: i-TV, umsakazo.
• Ukusetshenziswa ngokulinganisela. izinzuzo ezinjalo ziyatholakala inombolo ethile abasebenzisi ngesikhathi esisodwa. umgwaqo noma ibhuloho phakathi kwehora "isiqongo" abaziphatha ngayo.
• Endaweni. Lokhu kuyatholakala amalungu ehlukile iqembu yezenhlalakahle noma isifunda izimpahla zomphakathi. Izibonelo: lesifunda imitapo, amapaki kanye tikwele.
• Leyehlukene (Museum ziphephile, imidwebo ku zemibukiso), khulula (imisebenzi ukweseka amaphuzu komthetho), negative (izifundo imfundo ephakeme) futhi omuhle (ezokuthutha zomphakathi) izindleko.

Ukuhlinzeka izimpahla zomphakathi ezidingekayo ukuheha yangasese. Umqulu we umkhawulo lokugcina Imininingwane isimo izimali, okuyinto akhiwa, ngokukhethekile, ngenxa kokuthola imali ehlukahlukene kanye nokukhokha intela.

izibusiso okuxubile

Kulesi sigaba subtypes eziningi. Njengoba kubonisiwe ngenhla, izici izinzuzo esingokwemvelo, kungase kube khona kwelinye noma elinye inhlanganisela. Ngakho, okungezona selectivity kungenziwa kuhlangene excludability, noHezekeli. Kule ndaba, kungashiwo ngokuthi izibonelo bayanda izimpahla zomphakathi. Zikhona yini izinto ezingalingani neisklyuchaemosti ongaphakeme kanye eliphezulu - selectivity. Abizwa jikelele (ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela) izinzuzo. Lezi zihlanganisa isikhala khulula ogwini. Zitholakala kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo uma oyedwa senzeka ogwini, ngeke bakwazi ukusizakala omunye umuntu. Kule ndaba, elamukelayo izimpawu selectivity. Njengoba ethile evamile ezinhle esivuna yokuthi umkhawulo ukusetshenziswa kwabo lihlotshaniswa izindleko eziphawulekayo. Ngokuvamile, baba ayatholakala lendawo (lesifunda) ezingeni. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izibonelo ezinjalo kwezimpahla yomphakathi: zasemphakathini, amapaki, imoto amapaki kanye nezinye. Kule ndaba, babiza ngaphezulu "ohlanganyelwe". Ukwabelana umnotho, kulesi simo ichaza emazinga lasetulu mncintiswano maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Sikhuluma isimiso 'okuyiwona afika kuqala, futhi wasebenzisa. "

amanani collective

Akubona bonke bakuqondisise division ekhona. Ngakho-ke, abathengi abaningi ecela abantu abanamakhono kakhudlwana kule ndaba: "Nikeza izibonelo izimpahla zomphakathi ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela". Ukuze uqale, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lezi zinqubo ophansi selectivity futhi neisklyuchaemosti okusezingeni eliphezulu. Njengoba omunye izibonelo ezicacile kakhulu ukuthola ulwazi kwi-inthanethi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo leli thuba ukufinyelela eziningi abantu. Izindleko abekelwe emaceleni okwandisa inani amakhasimende ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuhlala zero. Lokhu, kusho ukuthi ukuncintisana (abakhethayo) nge ukusetshenziswa kwalesi ezinhle ngezinga eliphansi. Nokho, wasinikeza isici kuyinto excludability akusebenzi. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa ukwethulwa imali uxhumano kwi-Inthanethi. Njengoba izici izinzuzo ezinjalo kungenzeka ukuba Sinqanda ukufinyelela emininingwaneni ke ngezindleko elincane.

yesibonelelo sikahulumeni

Inani izimpahla zomphakathi incane kakhulu kunaleyo uhulumeni. izimpahla eziningi zikahulumeni abhekwa excludable noma wokuncintisana ukusetshenziswa, futhi kwezinye izimo abe zombili lezi zici. Ungakwazi ukusho mayelana nokuhlinzekwa emfundo secondary. Ngokwandisa inani labafundi izindleko akhayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bonke abanye abafundi kulokhu izothola ukunakwa kancane ngenxa ubuningi bayo enkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuwuphawu excludability inzuzo ekuzuzeni isingeniso yokufundiswa izimali. Uma abanye abafundi ngeke bakwazi ukwenza it, azokhishwa inqubo yemfundo ekilasini.

ngokucacile funa

Isidingo salokhu kanye nezinye izimpahla anqwabeleka ngesisekelo isimiso banciphise Umbuso onganakiwe. Ngenxa yokuthi izinzuzo kusukela ukusetshenziswa kweyunithi ezengeziwe lehla, ulayini funa umuntu kuyahluka emthambekeni phansi. Ngokufanayo, ijika funa kuyinto emsulwa ezinhle yangasese. Nokho, ngemva lokhu zifana kwangaphandle kufihlwe umehluko omkhulu. Esokuqala siwukuthi ukudayiswa okumsulwa ngezimpahla yomphakathi "ucezu" akunakwenzeka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bangamathe nolimi futhi wabelane yibo bonke abantu. ukusetshenziswa yabo - lokhu akulona ilungelo elehlukile ngabanye. Lezi izinzuzo angasetshenziswa ngisho yilabo khetha hhayi ubakhokhela. Per unit, kulesi simo, izindleko alinikeziwe, futhi abathengi ungasebenzisa lonke ivolumu okukhipha. Ngamanye amazwi, imali ethile ngesikhathi bedla inombolo eyodwa enhle.

emakethe indlela

Kwezinye izimo, usebenzisa kungenzeka ukuqeda ukukhululwa ngempoqo nokuxhasa izimpahla zomphakathi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kuhlinzekwa ngu amapulazi ngabanye. Lwabalandeli Kwenziwa nge indlela emakethe. It ikuvumela ukuba isebenzise lezi izindlela ukunikeza, njengoba okwehlukile "nabagibeli khulula", kanye nemixhaso kuncikene kanye izimali. Esimweni sokuqala, sebenzisa izinyathelo eqine ngokungadingekile, unqabe ukuba ukusetshenziswa. Ngenxa izindleko aphansi kuleli cala, kuzuze ngisho nokuba selectivity, lingathengiswa kanye yangasese.

indima isimo

UHulumeni eqala izindleko ezihlobene ukuhlinzekwa kwezimpahla yomphakathi esimweni lapho omuhle imiphumela zangaphandle okuvela ekusebenziseni kwabo akukwazi iyiphi internalization kungenxa izindleko eliphezulu kakhulu. Ngakho, isimo kungaba ngokuqondile ngumkhiqizi. Isibonelo, kungaba nzima nge isimo esiphuthumayo noma abezokuphepha bangaphakathi. Futhi, uhulumeni kungaba finance ukukhululwa kwezimpahla izinkampani ezizimele, iqhaza ekwakhiweni izikole, izibhedlela kanye nabanye. Kuzo zonke izimo, nakuba kukhona ukuphuma nokungena kwezimali ezivela isimo ngezithukuthuku izakhamuzi izintela emalini. Isinqumo mayelana ivolumu kahle ukukhiqizwa esekelwe isenzo ngokuhlanganyela. Lapho ikhipha isimo izimpahla omphakathi njalo izuzwe ivolumu ngempumelelo of umkhiqizo wabo. Isicelo mshini yentela sidinga ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi okuhlotshaniswa ekuzuzweni kwemiPhumela okukhipha oyifunayo.