KumiswaIsayensi

Izindlela zesimanje ekubhujisweni. izici Chemical. Ezithinta izici zasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene

izindlela zesimanje mass ekubhujisweni esetshenziswa yeenkhali, zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu: zamakhemikhali, begazi futhi izikhali zenuzi. Bonke ukumela ingozi enkulu ekuphileni, hhayi kuphela lempi kodwa futhi nezakhamuzi.

ezikhali zamakhemikhali

Okokuqala ezithinta amakhemikhali izici wanika ngokwayo wazizwa ngo-1915, lapho compounds ezinobuthi ibisetshenziswa ibutho lamaJalimane eduze edolobheni laseBelgium Ypres. Kusukela omunye kuhlasela kubulale abantu abangu-6000 abangu nomunye 15,000 walimala. Njengoba lolu hlobo isikhali lalilokhu ngcono. Ngokwesiko, ke yakhiwa ezinobuthi kanye abaziphilisa ukulethwa elitsheni.

Ngesisekelo ezikhali zamakhemikhali - ezinesihlungu compounds ezinobuthi. Ezisithintayo abantu nezilwane endaweni, umoya, amanzi, kanye nabo bonke abanye imvelo itheleleke. Njengendlela ukulethwa esetshenziswa kwezimayini rocket, amabhomu agqitshwayo, amabhomu, amabhomu.

Chemical izici (izici ezithinta) lalala property ezinobuthi ukuthi abe nomthelela ongemuhle isitha. izikhali ezinjalo azisetshenziselwa kukho ukubhubha isitha, kodwa futhi ukunciphisa ukulwa layo ngempumelelo. Ngakho, ingasetshenziswa ekusizeni ukuqedela umsebenzi njengenhlangano adjuvant. izici yesibili ezithinta izikhali zamakhemikhali kuyimiphumela okwengeziwe yokusetshenziswa kwawo. Lesi senzakalo akunakubangelwa ukungcoliswa imvelo, ukudla, izikhali, izingubo, nokunye. D.

okushiwo

ezinobuthi babe nemiphumela ezahlukene bokuphila. Imiphumela ezikhali zamakhemikhali kungabangela inkinga yezinzwa emzimbeni. Lezi izakhiwo Soman, sarin, nokunye. D. izici yabo zamakhemikhali (izici ezithinta) ingozi emzimbeni womuntu futhi ngaleyo ndlela zibangele ukukhubazeka, imisipha amajaqamba, futhi ukufa. Le miphumela zibangelwa kwemizwa uhlelo iziyaluyalu.

Chemical izici (izici ezithinta) lyumizita kanye lwesinaphi abe intshabusuku. Kulezi izinto nayo inenkinga ukugaya, umgudu wokuphefumula namehlo. Isikhumba abathintekayo ngaphakathi kwamahora ambalwa ngemuva nokuxhumana ngedatha ezinobuthi ngokuvamile obomvu, futhi kamuva kuso avele amabhamuza kanye nezilonda.

nezinye izakhiwo eziningana kukhona Cyanogen chloride futhi hydrogen cyanide. Bangenela umzimba ngokusebenzisa uhlelo zokuphefumula noma ngokusebenzisa esiswini kanye ukudla ubuthi namanzi. Lezi izinto ezibangela kufushane okunzima umoya, Ukudlikizela, ukukhubazeka, kanye kokuphila ngokwesaba njalo. izici Chemical (izici ezithinta) ezinye amakhemikhali ingabagulisa ukubukeka ukusangana, ukubambisana iziyaluyalu nokuphazamiseka engqondweni.

phytotoxins

Izikhali zalolu hlobo zisetshenziselwa ziyafa izitshalo (ngokuyinhloko okusanhlamvu). Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kuncisha isitha amasheya ukudla. Ngakho akukhona nje kubukela phansi isizinda ukudla, kodwana utjheje lempi kanye nomnotho isitha. Okunjalo izikhali zamakhemikhali izici zayo ezithinta baba emhlabeni odumile ngemuva ukusetshenziswa by US Army ngesikhathi seMpi YaseVietnam.

Kancane kancane kwakukhona lonke iqembu ubuthi - phytotoxins. Phakathi kwabo ivelele le yokubulala ukhula ezazivame ukubulala utshani izimila, imifino kanye nokusanhlamvu. Imiphumela isicelo sabo zifane imiphumela lwezingozi zamakhemikhali. I ukhula ezaziwa - Agent Orange. kuqala lwakhe luvivinywe British ngo Malaya ke amaMelika eVietnam. Igama wayebhekisele isici orange umbala imiphongolo okuye equkethwe reagents anobuthi. Namuhla phytotoxins - isikhali esibalulekile impi semvelo.

Bavikeleke ekuhlaselweni chemical

Ngokuvamile, yesimanje amakhemikhali isikhali kuyisinqumo Ekhala rocket emoyeni. Isici nobuntu wokuba kuhlaselwe esinjalo amnyama kwashabalala, luhlala ngokushesha iphazamise anemibala noma amhlophe. izinto Ngakho enobuthi emoyeni, bese - ku lonke imvelo. amathonsi yabo kuyabonakala phezu kwendawo egandaywe ngamatshe, amaqabunga kanye izindonga. Enye uphawu khona ezinobuthi - Ukufa Mass yezinyoni, amahlamvu wilting nezimbali.

I ubuthi kakhulu ezikhali zamakhemikhali yesimanje kuyinto evamile. Ngakho-ke, izakhamuzi futhi kwezempi kufanele aphendule ingozi yokutheleleka ngokushesha futhi ngokushelela. Kulokhu, kuhlale kunokuthile okumelwe nimesabe: noma yimaphi zici elimazayo ezikhali zamakhemikhali kungabangela isifo esibi futhi ukufa.

Esimeni i imaskhi alamu ezigugile. Uma kuziwa izinto inethonya esikhumbeni, it iyadingeka futhi ukugqoka suit okhethekile ukuze sithole isivikelo. Nokho, indawo yokuhlala ephephe kunazo zonke umpheme. Ngaphambi bangene kukho, abantu badinga ukuba akhumule izingubo zakhe zangaphandle, futhi indlela ayisebenzisayo zokuzivikela. Ngo uyisiphephelo ifakwe kahle le njongo kukhona egumeni. Kuyinto isilinganiso okwengeziwe zokuqapha - ngakho ungaqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi igumbi ngeke uthole ezinobuthi.

Kanye izici ezithinta le ngozi zamakhemikhali, ingozi ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa ezikhali zamakhemikhali, elinde indoda abayenzayo. Abanye abafuna (isib zewayini) aziqinisekisi eziyikhulu nokuvikeleka amaphesenti. izindawo ezinjalo kungaba ukulanda endabeni le droplet liquid of ezinobuthi, kodwa abakwazi ukuvikela amagesi evala, futhi aerosols emoyeni. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni ezithile, abantu basebenzisa buso, ngisho ngesikhathi nendawo yokuhlala.

Ngamunye izici amakhemikhali elimazayo nomthelela umuntu kuphela uma ungaphakathi focus ukutheleleka. Shiya kungase kube nzima kakhulu endaweni eyingozi. izikhali Chemical kanye izici zayo ezithinta - mass. Amagesi, aerosols futhi izifutho ketshezi uzisibekele izindawo ezinkulu. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kuhlengwe yizakhamuzi, njengoba umthetho, zidinga ukuqeqeshwa eliphezulu Iinhlangano esivelele isimo.

izikhali ezingamagciwane

Ngesisekelo yemvelo (bacteriological) izikhali kukhona amagciwane. Basuke akhethiwe ngezinjongo ngokuqondile lempi. Ngaphansi kwethonya izici zokukhulumisana ezilimazayo izikhali abantu, izilwane kanye nezitshalo sigule ukugula okungathí sina. amagciwane adingekayo ukuhlaselwa bacteriological, kukhona Amagciwane. Ziyakwazi pathogenic, isb. E. Ngoba izifo ezithathelwanayo. Wabo nezinye izinto elimazayo - imfucumfucu. Uma emzimbeni womuntu, babangela ubuthi ezinzima ngenxa ubuthi zabo eziphakemeyo.

Kwezinye ngokuningiliziwe izinto ezithinta izikhali zamakhemikhali nezinto eziphilayo abe ukufana okuthile. Ngokwesibonelo, kusobala ngokucacile endabeni izitshalo. Futhi zamakhemikhali nezamagciwane izikhali esetshenziswa ziyafa izitshalo isitha. Ukuze lokhu singasetshenziswa nje amagciwane kuphela kodwa futhi izinambuzane - izinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu zokusanhlamvu nemifino.

amagciwane

Amagciwane elisetshenziswa okubangelwa izikhali ezenziwe ngamagciwane, ngokuvumelana nezici zabo, zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana. Lezi izinto ezithwala izifo isakhiwo ehlukene, usayizi kanye nezinye izakhiwo. I-bacterium ezivamile. izici Jikelele ezithinta zenuzi, zamakhemikhali nezikhali begazi kwehlisa ngokugcwele izingozi ezibangelwa nayo lezi zilwane. Injongo eyinhloko ukuzisebenzisa - ukubhubhisa noma buthaka isitha.

Ama-bacterium umsuka zemifino. Iningi lawo abantu kakhulu sengozini okushisa aphakeme, elangeni, izibulali-magciwane kanye ekushintshashintsheni elibukhali nomswakama. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, namagciwane abangela izifo kungaba yizifo ezibhubhisayo Amagciwane ezifana umbendeni, ngqi, botulism, ubhubhane, ikholera, melioidosis, glanders futhi t. D. Ngaphezu kwalokho, alawa magciwane ayachuma okushisa angaphansi zero. Ama-bacterium zenzelwe okubangelwa izikhali ezenziwe ngamagciwane, etshalwa ezimweni yokufakelwa. Ukuze zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe yabo mass, ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni ama-nemithi, amavithamini nemithi elwa namagciwane.

Amagciwane, rickettsiae nesikhunta

Olunye uhlobo izikhali ezingamagciwane - amagciwane. Lezi amagciwane ayingozi angaba khona nande ngaphakathi aphilayo abanye. Ziyakwazi yisinanakazana emzimbeni zezimali zenkosi yayo. Ama-virus esitebeleni maqondana nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Bangabaholi causative ejenti izifo ezingaphezu kuka-70, kuhlanganise i-yellow fever, ingxibongo, njll Ngakho, ezicini ezithinta zamakhemikhali nezinto eziphilayo izikhali ayingozi ngokulinganayo - .. Zingadala ukuphazamiseka ezibucayi ukusebenza emzimbeni futhi ukufa lohlaselwayo.

Kuvele isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini phakathi amagciwane namagciwane Rickettsia hlala. Bona ezibangela izifo ezifana imfiva nezimagqabhagqabha, typhus imfiva kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D. Ngokuthakazelisayo, rickettsia wadluliselwa eyisinambuzane e imvelo. Izimo letitsintsa zenuzi, zamakhemikhali futhi izikhali ezingamagciwane zihlukile kuleyo zingabantu ngokujulile ephambene nemvelo. Rockets, imicibisholo, amabhomu, sezikhali - konke okudalwe ukwenza ezingezona ezemvelo e isikali walo wokubhubhisa.

Olunye uhlobo izikhali ezingamagciwane - amakhowe. Njengama-bacterium, zingabantu Lokudabuka zemifino. La magciwane yakha ezinhlamvu amelana desiccation kanye okokuqandisa.

Izenzo iyahlaselwa yemvelo

Ukuphumelela izikhali ezingamagciwane itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ngemva ukwakheka Amagciwane kwemizi uqhubeke ukusakaza ngezithukuthuku zonke iziguli. Ngakho, kudingeka kuphela siqale lolu bhadane, ukuthuthukiswa yayo eminye - kuyindaba isikhathi. Yiqiniso, endabeni ukuhlaselwa begazi enezinto eziningi izinyathelo ezidingekile ukuze uvimbele kokufa bonke abantu abasha. isikhali bacteriological has ngishiyeka amaningi, okuyinto izikhali ezahlukene futhi amakhemikhali. Ukuvikelwa izici elimazayo Nokho, ungakwazi kuphela uma izici ncamashi eyaziwa yizitha - uhlobo nezilwanyana ezincane nobuthakathaka babo.

Ngo impi bacterium ungasabalalisa hhayi kuphela ngokusebenzisa amagobolondo, kodwa usebenzisa namagundane nezinambuzane - abathwali iningi Amagciwane ayingozi izifo ezibulalayo. Endabeni izinhlamvu nge amagciwane endaweni ukudabuka kukhona ifu nobuntu inkungu noma powder.

Ukuze bazivikele izikhali ezingamagciwane ngokuyinhloko buso esetshenziswa futhi respirators. Ziyakwazi incane, esiwusizo futhi enokwethenjelwa. Futhi badinga ukugqoka izinto zokuzivikela, senzelwe isikhumba. Ngokusho imithetho yokuzivikela civil, abantu kufanele ushiye ezitaladini futhi ihlale ngaphakathi ezindlini nge iminyango namafasitela ivaliwe. Into esemqoka - ukuvimbela ingress ejenti legciwane siye isikhumba, izingubo, noma umgudu wokuphefumula.

Amasosha omzimba zabantu bakuleli zwe zibhekane ezinye izinhlobo izifo bungatholakala ngokusebenzisa zokuvimbela ngamabomu: .. Ukugonywa, ukusetshenziswa serums, njll Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela isivikelo okubangelwa izikhali ezenziwe ngamagciwane noma kunjalo, ukuhlala ukunamathela nezimfuneko kwenhlanzeko nempilo ezihlobene amanzi kanye nokudla. Ukupheka kufanele sigcwaliswe kuphela ezindaweni behlukene ukutheleleka focus. Izidlo hhayi kuphela kudingeka ugeze nge izixazululo ekhethekile, kodwa, ngoba ngokuqiniseka okukhulu, aphathwe by abilayo. Endabeni lo mqedazwe, kunanini ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukusabalala ukwethuka. njalo amandla yomuntu kufanele sibhekiswe ekuvimbeleni imiphumela emibi ukusetshenziswa izikhali isitha esiyingozi.

Ekugcineni, qiniseka ukuthi ehlukanisiwe. Yena nakanjani okuhle kuyadingeka ikakhulu endabeni ukusabalala kwezifo sina: ikholera, isifo, njll Ngokuhlukaniswa imodi kuyadingeka ukuba ngabodwa esiphelele ukugqashuka kwesifo labantu ezizungezile ... Ngezinye imingcele endaweni ekhethekile setha Ukuvikelwa okukhethekile futhi umisa ehhovisi lika Usigaxamabhande. ligada Olwenziwe, ukunyakaza elawulwa ukukubambezela mthetho umbuso. Ikakhulukazi Ukuvikelwa ngokucophelela edingekayo izibhedlela, izikhungo ezithathelwanayo futhi ngezinye angabanjwa.

Abantu abazithola ngaphakathi zone ngokuhlukaniswa, asivunyelwe ukushiya ilinganiselwe, kanye ukuthekelisa izilwane nezimpahla zabo. Lokuhlukana angabanjwa singaba yinhloko-Civil Defense kuphela. Lilawulwa zokuthutha umphakathi nokuwela endaweni ethintekile. Eqinisweni, kwenqatshelwe. Ukuxolela kungenziwa kuphela esenzelwe izitimela. Ezindaweni eziqhelile kuncike magciwane njalo. Ngokuhlukaniswa kungaba kususwe kuphela ngemuva lwegciwane ubulawa ngokuphelele.

zenuzi

Izikhali zenuzi, uvele eNkantolo Maphakathi nekhulu XX, ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Ngokusho impahla yayo namandla kangakanani esiyingozi kakhulu. Izinto zesimanje lempi arsenal evumela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi emoyeni, emanzini, ngaphansi kwamanzi, ezweni ngaphansi komhlaba. Blast kusukela kungaba kweso ababhubhise abantu nokulimaza imishini, okudiliza izakhiwo kanye nemizi yonke.

Umphumela wokuqala ukusetshenziswa sezikhali zenuzi - igagasi ukushaqeka. Lona isici amakhulu kunawo wonke endaweni eshaya izikhali ezinjalo. Igagasi ukushaqeka kusuka isivinini giant kuzo zonke izindawo. Uma kube yiyo eshayeka kanzima ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu kuyoba kumuntu, khona liyobe lishiywe ngaphandle amathuba yokuphunyuka. Ummeli kuphela ngokumelene izikhali zenuzi zihlale yokukhosela akhethekile isiphephelo.

Ukuqhuma ungumthombo wokukhanya, ehlanganisa infrared kanye ultraviolet. Kuyinto esebenzayo amasekhondi angu-15 futhi phakathi nalesi sikhathi kubangela ezinzima zesikhumba ukusha kanye umonakalo iso ungazivikele. Vikela ngokumelene ngemisebe yokukhanya can ababhemayo noma ngumuntu izingubo ezikhethekile ezenziwe impahla incombustible.

kwazo imisebe

Ionizing emisebeni - okuningi okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi eside imithelela sikhona yini isikhali senuzi. Kuyinto ecucuza ka neutron nama-gamma rays, okuyinto ukungena imvelo ngemuva kwemizuzwana 12 ngemva ukuqhuma. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo kuthinta zonke izinto eziphilayo. Kubantu nasezilwaneni kudala emisebeni ukugula - nobulwelwe ukuthi sezicekela phansi umzimba kusuka ngaphakathi nokufa.

A ifu kuqhuma ibhomu lenyukliya ungumthombo kwazo imisebe. ukusatshalaliswa endaweni yayo zandise zamakhulu ngisho izinkulungwane amakhilomitha. Ngemva ukuxhumana izinto radioactive ezindaweni wadalula avele izilonda zendawo kwesikhumba. compounds eziyingozi kungase futhi singene emzimbeni. Ukuvikela ezifweni isebenzisa yokukhosela akhethekile izembatho zokuzivikela.

Lapho uxhumana emisebeni imvelo ivela zone ukuqhuma, kwakha ishayela eqinile kagesi. It kulimaza ikhebuli wire imigqa, kanye ulimaza imishini, kuhlanganise alamu izinhlelo, ukuxhumana kanye nokulawula. Izimo letitsintsa zenuzi namakhemikhali kuhluke kuyingozi ikakhulukazi ukuphila. Yingakho ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezinjalo nomkhawulo noma kunqatshelwe e Kwakuhlelwe imihlangano yezizwe ezihlukahlukene futhi izivumelwano.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 zu.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.