Amagciwane angabasizi le causative ejenti yanoma yimuphi isifo? isifo womuntu ezibangelwa amagciwane

Kukhona imibuso ezinhlanu ezinkulu imvelo, abamele okuhambisana kokuhlolisisa amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Ziyakwazi:

• izilwane;
• izitshalo;
• amakhowe;
• ibhaktheriya noma prokaryotes;
• amagciwane.

Uma izilwane, izitshalo kanye isikhunta aziwa abantu kusukela ezikhathini primordial eziningi, amagciwane namagciwane ekuhlolweni kwabantu abangu-wahlanganyela muva nje. usayizi kakhulu elincane la magciwane kufanele bakwazi ukufunda nabo ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama. Yingakho baye eside kangaka isitheke emehlweni elibukhali isintu.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi badlala hhayi kuphela indima eqakathekileko. Ngakho sizozama siyixazulule umbuzo ukuthi amagciwane kukhona Amagciwane kwezinye izifo, futhi njengoba ngokuvamile bahlela futhi siphile nayo lezi zilwane.

Ngobani prokaryotes?

Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo eplanethini yethu kufanele ezivamile isakhiwo - zenziwe amaseli. Yiqiniso, ingxenye eyodwa, enye ingxenye - ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Uma sikhuluma izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, khona-ke zonke nombala. umzimba ngamunye uye core wenza amaseli. Kodwa uma kuziwa eziphilayo owumphumela, ukuthi ubunye obunjalo ayisekho, njengoba zihlukaniswe prokaryotes futhi eukaryotes.

Eukaryotes kukhona akubo bonke abahlala, okuyizinto amaseli nesidoda okunikelwe, ilungiswe ikhenela. Ukuze prokaryotes - ezinjalo eziphilayo unicellular lapho DNA basakaza ngenkululeko, ke akugcini imvilophu zenuzi, ngakho akanayo core iyonke. Lezi zidalwa wanquma attribute:

• ulwelwe oluluhlaza;
• cyanobacteria;
• archaea;
• amagciwane.

Ekuqaleni, labo eziphilayo kuphela abangabodwa ababehlala emhlabeni. Kodwa kancane kancane Kwathi ukuvela ukubukeka eukaryotic eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, ngaphakathi okwakukhona amaseli prokaryotic. Base united ndawonye zokwakha ubuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana, babe bahle, eqinile, futhi amelana isimo umzimba, ukulungele nokuzala futhi nande, yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ubufakazi lo mbono yilabo organelles non-zenuzi cell amaningi njengoba mitochondria futhi plastids (chloroplast, chromoplasts, leucoplasts).

Kodwa, ngeshwa, abaningi amaseli prokaryotic akuzona njengoba ingozi izitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu, njengoba labo abasala ukuphila ngaphakathi kubo. Bafika igama yesimanje amagciwane, noma amagciwane, futhi waqala ukuphila ukuphila ezimele, okubangela asemrarweni kwezidalwa ehleleke kakhulu.

It is izifo eziningi ezihlobene nama-bacterium, imisebenzi yabo ebalulekile ezaziwayo. Futhi hhayi kuphela abantu zenzeka, kodwa futhi nalabo abamele zonke ezinye imibuso nemvelo.

A indaba emfushane emfushane umlando ukutholakala

Ama-bacterium sezinezinkulungwane iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane zezigidi 3.5. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, isakhiwo sabo ayikashintshi. Into kuphela eyayiyintsha ekuphileni kwabo kufana idumela lawo umuntu.

Kanjani Ukutholakala kwalezi eziphilayo? Cabanga izigaba.

1. Usosayensi yamaGreki asendulo-Aristotle wathi ukuthi kukhona ayibonakali izidalwa iso ezihlala nxazonke, kufaka phakathi abantu. Abakwazi abangela izifo.
2. 1546 - Udokotela wase-Italy Girolamo Frakostoro wasikisela ukuthi izifo human zibangelwa ezincane, amagciwane. Nokho, ukuba kufakazelwe bahluleka futhi wahlala yinganekwane.
3. 1676 - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek locezu wafunda kukakhokho kuqhubeke ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu yasungulwa siqu sakhe (microscope lokuqala ukukhiqizwa yayo wawumkhulu kakhulu futhi ofana iqoqo izibuko eziningana raznoraspolozhennyh wayenikeza ukukhuphuka okungaphezulu kuka kayikhulu). Ngenxa yalokho, wakwazi ukubona amangqamuzana akha emagxolweni esihlahla esihlahleni. Kanye ebuka lamanzi, wacabanga eziphilayo eziningi ezincane ukuthi wahlala kulo iconsi. Lawa kwakungamadodana bacterium, awunika igama "animalkuli".
4. 1840 - udokotela German Jakob Henle kusikisela hypothesis ngokuphelele elungile umphumela Amagciwane womuntu, okungukuthi ukuthi leli gciwane - Amagciwane.
5. 1862 - wemithi French ULouis Pasteur ngenxa ucwaningo okuphindaphindiwe kwafakazela khona nezilwanyana ezincane zonke ophilayo ezindaweni, izinto, eziphilayo. Ngaleyo ndlela, yena waqinisekisa umbono Hyun-le, futhi kakade isibe theory, ebizwa ngokuthi "lwegciwane imfundiso yokuziphendukela isifo." Ukuze umsebenzi wakhe, usosayensi u uMklomelo KaNobel.
6. 1877 - uRobert Koch wakwazi bakwenze indlela staining amagciwane amasiko.
7. 1884 - Hans Gram, udokotela. Ukuthi udumo sokuhlukanisa lezi izidalwa Gram-HIV futhi Gram-mubi kuye ngokuthi injani ukusabela ukwakha udayi.
8. 1880 - Karg Ebert likhombe imbangela typhoid - isinyathelo amagciwane induku emise.
9. 1882 - uRobert Koch wakwazi ikhomba imbewu eletha tubercle.
10. 1897 - Japanese udokotela Kie-shi Shiga wathola imbangela uhudo
11. 1897 - Bernhard Bang esungulwe yokuthi kukhona amagciwane causative izifo isilwane ezibangela izisu zabo.

Ngakho, ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi mayelana amagciwane futhi izifo ezibangwa kubo, ikhula ngesivinini ngokushesha. Futhi namhlanje kakade kuchazwe ezingaphezu kuka-10 eziyinkulungwane abameleli prokaryotes ezahlukene. Nokho, izibikezelo ososayensi bathi emhlabeni zazo zikhona ngaphezu kwesigidi zilwane.

Isayensi ye prokaryotes

Ama-bacterium njengoba causative ejenti kwezifo ezithathelwanayo zazihlale unesithakazelo ezindabeni zesayensi, ngoba ulwazi kubo zikuvumela ukuba uxazulule izinkinga zempilo eziningi hhayi kuphela abantu kodwa futhi izilwane nezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, kwakheka isayensi eziningana okhuluma ekutadisheni le nkinga.

1. Microbiology - isayensi jikelele ukuthi study zonke eziphilayo ezincane, kuhlanganise amagciwane.
2. Bacteriology - isayensi kwakuphathelene cwaningo kwamagciwane, amagciwane, abo ukwehluka, izindlela zokuphila, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nethonya phezu kwezwe elisizungezile.
3. microbiology yenhlanzeko - ukuhlola izinyathelo zokuvimbela sokuthuthukiswa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane e abantu.
4. Veterinary Microbiology - uhlola amagciwane causative izifo ezithathelwanayo ngo izilwane, amakhambi, imithi yokwelashwa, zokuvimbela ukutheleleka.
5. Medical Microbiology - uhlola umthelela amagciwane ezimpilweni zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ngokuya imithi.

Ngaphezu amaseli webhaktheriya kukhona eziphilayo unicellular lenyama Amagciwane kubantu, ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni. Ngokwesibonelo, amoeba, nezilokazane ezibangela umalaleveva, trypanosomes, nokunye. Iphinde ahlekwa cwaningo e Medical Microbiology.

Yiziphi amagciwane?

Kukhona lezisekelo ezimbili Ukwahlukaniswa amaseli virus. Eyokuqala kusekelwe lomgomo lamaseli microbial kuhluka ukuma. Ngakho, ngesisekelo salokhu ukwaba:

• Cocci noma eyindilinga, eziphilayo ibhola emise. Lihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana: diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, micrococci, sartsiny, tetrakokki. Abamele Ubukhulu ezinjalo akufanele sedlule 1 Micron. Kuyinto kuleli qembu zihlanganisa iningi labo ababizwa ngokuthi "ejenti izifo womuntu."
• Coli, noma amagciwane induku emise. Okunhlobonhlobo ngefomu wonke amaseli: njalo, wakhomba, club emise, vibrio, cut, agobile chain. Zonke lezi amabhaktheriya kukhona Amagciwane. Hlobo luni isifo? Cishe zonke izifo ezaziwayo kunendoda namuhla.
• eziphilayo Crimped. Ihlukaniswe yaba spirillae futhi spirochetes. Izacile ezisontekile isakhiwo Helical, ezinye zazo ziyizilimi amagciwane abangela izifo, kanye nezinye - abameleli microflora evamile emathunjini bezilwane nabantu.
• amagciwane ekhelini - ngokuyisisekelo zifane induku emise, kodwa ekugcineni inamazinga ramifications obuhlukahlukene. Lezi zihlanganisa Bifidobacteria, kunendima enhle ekuphileni kwabantu.

Enye Ukwahlukaniswa amaseli webhaktheriya lisuselwe ekusebenzeni wamanje: RNA isakhiwo, morphological kanye izakhiwo kwamakhemikhali maqondana staining nokunye. Zizathu wonke amabhaktheriya zingahlukaniswa zibe 23 izinhlobo, ngamunye ehlanganisa eziningi amakilasi, izizukulwane nezinhlobo.

Kungenzeka futhi ukuba uhlukanise izilokazane ezincane ngokwendlela indlela amandla at uhlobo zokuphefumula, imvelo ehlasela nokunye.

Ukusetshenziswa amagciwane uthengisa abantu

Sebenzisa nezilwanyana ezincane abantu baye bafunda kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kusukela side yabo ngokuqinisekile akuzange isicelo ngamabomu, kodwa umane behlise imvelo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ekhiqizwa utshwala, ukuvutshelwa izinqubo ezenzeka.

Nge kwesikhathi kanye indlela yokuqala yokuphila alezi zilwanyana, umuntu oye lafunda ukuzisebenzisa ngokugcwele izidingo zabo. imikhakha eziningana emnothweni bungabonakala, okuyinto eduze zithandelana biology. Ama-bacterium esetshenziswa:

1. Esikhathini yokudla: bayobhaka namakhekhe kanye isinkwa, iwayini, imikhiqizo yobisi nokunye.
2. zamagama Chemical: amagciwane akhiqiza ama-amino acid, acid organic, amaphrotheni, amavithamini, lipids, imithi elwa namagciwane, ama-enzyme, zombala, acid nucleic, ushukela kanye nokunye.
3. Medicine: izidakamizwa ekunciphiseni microflora imvelo yangaphakathi, imithi elwa namagciwane kanye nokunye.
4. Ezolimo: Amalungiselelo ekukhuleni kwesihlahla nasekuvezeni izithombo ukwelashwa kwezilwane, ama-bacterium zamagciwane, ukuvumela ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa hoxa, ubisi isivuno neqanda, nokunye.
5. Lemvelo: nezilwanyana ezincane nefterazlagayuschie kucutshungulwa izinsalela organic wezinto ezizungezile medium ukuhlanzwa.

Nokho, ngaphezu imiphumela emihle ukusebenzisa amagciwane, abantu abakwazi ukuqeda le okungekuhle. Ingani kwamanje abanye amagciwane kukhona Amagciwane izifo wobuntu? nzima kakhulu, esiyingozi futhi ngezinye izikhathi ebulalayo. Ngakho-ke, indima yazo yemvelo futhi ukuphila komuntu ezimbili.

amagciwane Pathogenic: umbono jikelele

Ukuze afeze ezifana amagciwane abangela izifo ukuthi kungabangela umonakalo kwezicubu zangaphakathi isitho izinhlelo kubantu nasezilwaneni. On isakhiwo bangaphandle zangaphakathi zalo, musa ihluke nama-bacterium awusizo: isakhiwo oluncane embozwe igobolondo obukhulu (cell udonga) ngaphandle mucic cloaked e capsule evikela kusuka ukugaya kusuka ngaphakathi host futhi omiswe. Izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo isakazwa ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana ngesimo amaketanga DNA. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, uyakwazi ukwakha ezinhlamvu - iwela isimo torpor lapho ikhefu izinqubo ezibalulekile ngaphambi lokuvukela izimo ezikahle.

Amagciwane angabasizi le causative ejenti izifo lapho izidalwa eziphilayo? Labo kalula ngocansi by amaconsi sisemoyeni, ukuthintana ngqo noma ngokuthintana isikhumba mucosal evulekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amagciwane yayingase ibizwe ngokuthi izikhali zembubhiso. Phela, nabo basuke kungabangela lonke ubhubhane, bhubhane, epiphytotics epizootic nokunye. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana isifo, esehlanganise lonke lelo zwe, okuyinto ubuhlungu futhi izitshalo (epiphytotics), nezilwane (izifo epizootic) kanye womuntu (ubhubhane).

Ngeshwa, akuyona yonke izinhlobo nezidalwa wafunda ngokuphelele indoda. Ngakho-ke, asikho isiqinisekiso sokuthi noma nini azikho ukutheleleka, abantu abazi. Lokhu kubeka umthwalo wemfanelo enkulu nakakhulu ku microbiologists, abacwaningi bezokwelapha futhi virologists.

Yini sifo ezibangelwa amagciwane?

Kukhona izifo eziningi ezinjalo. Lena akuyona kuphela ukugqamisa abathile abavamile. Ngenxa amagciwane kungathinta izilwane hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi isitshalo kwezicubu. Ngakho-ke, zonke izifo, okuyinto zibangelwa kubo, zingahlukaniswa zibe amaqembu amaningana.

1. izifo Anthroponotic - nalezo ezitholakala abantu futhi ukutheleleka may ngokuqinile phakathi kwabo (Amagciwane womuntu). Izibonelo izifo:-typhoid, ikholera, ingxibongo nesimungumungwana, uhudo, idiphtheria kanye nabanye.
2. izifo zoonotic - izifo ezifana ezenzeka izilwane futhi benza yona ngokwayo, kodwa nganoma iyiphi indlela umuntu angaba. Ngokwesibonelo, isinambuzane Ukulunywa noma ezinye izilwane, izilwane koxhumana ngesikhumba nezindlela zokuphefumula yomuntu kukhona ukudluliselwa ezinhlamvu virus. Izifo: glanders, umbendeni, isifo, tularemia, amarabi, unyawo futhi izifo zomlomo.
3. Epifitoznye ukutheleleka - isifo isitshalo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Lezi zihlanganisa bola, nebala, izimila, ukusha, okulimaza webhaktheriya nezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Cabangela lesi sifo womuntu ezibangelwa amagciwane. Labo ukuthi kukhona ezivamile. Kuyinto ba owanikhipha esikhathini esidlule kanye eningi samanje of hlupheka cefe kubantu.

amagciwane umuntu

izifo human ezibangelwa amagciwane, njalo yabangela umonakalo futhi umonakalo empilweni zabantu. Okuvame kakhulu kanti kuyingozi wabo zimi kanje:

1. Inhlupheko - igama wesabeka kuwo abahlali mullion Ages futhi Yempucuko. Lesi sifo, okwabulala izinkulungwane zabantu. Ngaphambili isifo ogulayo esifana nokufa, asizange okwamanje yasungulwa ngendlela yokugoma futhi ikhambi yilesi sifo esesabekayo esithathelwanayo. Manje, lesi sifo kwenzeka kwamanye amazwe ezishisayo esokuba uhlamvu zoonotic.
2. Erysipelas - isifo kwezilwane, ikakhulukazi izingulube, izinkukhu, lamawundlu amahhashi. Zidlulele kubantu. Ukuyibiza amagciwane adala izifo, okuyinto Erysipelothrix igama insidiosa. Ekulweni nezifo ilula, lezi Amagciwane besaba elangeni, lokushisa eliphezulu kanye alikhali. Okwamanje, isifo singakabi evame kakhulu. Ukubukeka foci incike benhlalakahle yezilwane.
3. Idiphtheria. isifo esiyingozi engenhla ipheshana zokuphefumula, inika yezinkinga Inhliziyo eqinile. Namhlanje ngempela ezingavamile ngenxa wokugoma wenziwa kusaqalwa kwezingane.
4. Uhudo. Imbangela amagciwane sifo, angamagama Shigella (Shigella). Umthombo ukutheleleka abantu abagulayo angadlulisela ukutheleleka yasendlini, aqueous noma pin (nge umlomo) by. abathintekayo Izingane eziningi. Ill nge uhudo kungaba izikhathi eziningana kanye nokuvikeleka ukuze lesi sifo siyaqoqwa yesikhashana.
5. Tularemia - okubangelwa tularensis igciwane Francisella. eziqinile kakhulu, amelana lokushisa, zezemvelo ukutheleleka. Ukwelashwa nokuvikelwa eziyinkimbinkimbi, hhayi ngokuphelele.
6. Isifo sofuba - ngokuthi Wand Koch sika. Isifo eziyinkimbinkimbi esithinta amaphaphu kanye nezinye izitho. ikhambi izinhlelo kuye kwakhiwa futhi luqhutshwa kabanzi kodwa ngokuphelele onamabala isifo uhlala utalagu.
7. Ukukhwehlela kabuhlungu - ngegciwane okubangelwa igciwane Bordetella pertussis. Libhekene ukubonakala ukuhlaselwa esiqine ukukhwehlela. Ukugonywa ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni.
8. Ugcunsula - okuyisifo esithathelwanayo, esivame kakhulu ngocansi ngokuhlangana ngokocansi. Wabiza spirochete lwegciwane trypanosomes. Kuthinta isibunu, amehlo, isikhumba, isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, amathambo kanye namalunga. Ukwelashwa ngemithi elwa namagciwane, imithi ezaziwayo.
9. Gonorrhoea - kanye ugcunsula, isifo ngekhulu xxi. Ukubhebhetheka kwamaphilisi ngokobulili. Ezibangelwa amagciwane - gonococcus.
10. Tetanus - kubangelwa induku Clostridium tetani, okuyinto Likhipha ubuthi esiqine emzimbeni womuntu. Lokhu kuholela amajaqamba esabekayo futhi zingalawuleki imisipha Kufinyeta.

Yiqiniso, zikhona nezinye amagciwane nezifo womuntu. Kodwa efakwe ohlwini ezivamile futhi sina.

amagciwane izilwane

Okuvame kakhulu izifo isilwane, okuyinto ezibangelwa amagciwane zihlanganisa:

• botulism;
• ngqi;
• pasteurellosis;
• colibacteriosis;
• nesifo sezimbilapho;
• glanders;
• melioidosis;
• yersiniosis;
• vibriosis;
• actinomycosis;
• -anthrax;
• ngezinyawo futhi izifo zomlomo.

Bonke kubangele amagciwane athile. Izifo ikakhulukazi ukwazi zidlulele kubantu, ngakho iyingozi kakhulu futhi sina. Izinyathelo main ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwezifo ezifana - ukugcina imfuyo ayiphathisiwe ahlanzekile, ngokucophelela kubo, ekuvimbeleni ukuthintana ne ogulayo.

amagciwane isitshalo

Phakathi amagciwane ayingozi ezithelela uhlelo impande futhi amahlumela zezitshalo kanjalo okubangela umonakalo ezolimo, ezivamile yizona ezimelela ezilandelayo:

• Mycobacteriaceae;
• Pseudomonadaceae;
• Bacteriaceae.

izifo Plant ezibangelwa amagciwane abangela ukubola nokufa izingxenye ezilandelayo izitshalo kutshalwa:

• izimpande;
• eshiya;
• sifanamsindvo;
• izithelo;
• inflorescence;
• impande izitshalo.

Okungukuthi, lonke isitshalo okungenzeka bahlukunyezwe agent. Ngokuvamile uhlushwa kuhlwanyela yezolimo, amazambane, iklabishi, ukolweni, anyanisi, utamatisi, Rustica, amagilebhisi, izihlahla ahlukahlukene izithelo nezinye izithelo, imifino kanye nokusanhlamvu kunokuba kube.

Izifo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane;
• ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu
• indawo webhaktheriya;
• ukubola;
• wequbula;
• bacteriosis basal;
• umlilo okulimaza;
• indandatho bola;
• blackleg;
• gummosis;
• bacteriosis ezimthende;
• black bacteriosis nabanye.

Okwamanje, izazi zezitshalo zaqala ukusola eziphilayo wezolimo ubelokhu ukuthola imikhiqizo ukuvikelwa plant kusukela yilezi zinsizi.