Izakhiwo Chemical base

Izisekelo ayizakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko kwesakhiwo:

1. Gidroksogrupp (elilodwa noma ngaphezulu). Ngenxa yalokho, indlela, futhi igama lesibili lezi izinto - "hydroxides".
2. I-athomu metal noma ammonium ion (NH4 +).

Isihloko lezisekelo sivela lihlanganise kokubili amagama izingxenye zalo: isib, i-calcium hydroxide, hydroxide cupric, hydroxide esiliva, njll ...

Okuwukuphela komehluko jikelele umthetho base kumiswa kufanele kubhekwe ammonium hydroxide, lapho gidroksogrupp akakayijoyini ukuze insimbi kuya ammonium seka (NH4 +). Le into ikhiqizwa esimweni lapho kukhona nokonakala emanzini ammonia.

Uma sikhuluma izakhiwo elisekela, kufanele kuphawulwe ngokushesha ukuthi gidroksogrupp Valence elilingana ubunye, ngokulandelana, inani la maqembu e-molecule kuzoya kakhulu ngokuthi yikuphi Valence ifa izinsimbi esisheshayo. Izibonelo kulokhu ongakhonza ifomula izinto ezifana NaOH, Al (OH) 3, Ca (OH) 2.

Uma sikhuluma izakhiwo ngokomzimba we ngezizathu, kuyafaneleka ukuthi bonke abantu ngothi lwabo - ukudla okuqinile ingabe imibala yalezi zinto onhlobonhlobo. Kulezo zimo lapho gidroksogrupp exhunywe ezisansimbi monovalent, lubohlo base kalula encibilikayo emanzini, nazo zonke ezinye izimo umphumela base ukuphendula emanzini cishe zingaxazululeki. Labo zitholakala kalula oncibilikayo emanzini, abizwa ngokuthi alkalis. Ziyakwazi amakhemikhali imithi enobungozi ezonakalisayo esikhunjeni kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Ngaphandle izinsimbi monovalent, alikhali futhi ifomu okuthiwa ane-alikhali-umhlaba izinsimbi - ngokwesibonelo, ezifana ne-barium yombala, Sesithombe.

izakhiwo Chemical elisekela zingaxazululeki baqamekela yokuthi lezi zakhi Kuphakathi eziyisisekelo noma hydroxides amphoteric. Owokugcina kubo ihlangana acid sokuziphatha njengomncane alikhali, futhi aba amaSheshi, uxhumana izimpawu alkalis, acid mbukiso. Izakhiwo lezisekelo zingaxazululeki kabanzi ukukhanya umkhakha esindayo.

izakhiwo Chemical elisekela ebonakaliswa ukusabela kwayo ngomshini we acid, nosawoti, nezinye lezisekelo, kanye izinkomba yawo. Ikakhulu, i-alikhali kungacacisa ukuthi uma isixazululo yabo ukusebenzela inkomba ethile. Kulokhu, it is kubonakale ukushintsha umbala walo: isibonelo, ukuhlolwa litmus omhlophe uphendulela blue, futhi phenolphthalein - raspberry.

izakhiwo Chemical elisekela ukuvela kokuthi ekusebenzelaneni kwabo nama-asidi, kungaholela ukusabela neutralization owaziwa. Ingqikithi ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela ukuthi ama-athomu metal ngokujoyina ezisalayo acid akha usawoti, futhi gidroksogrupp ne-hydrogen ion, lapho kuhlangene, aguqulwa emanzini. Ukusabela neutralization, lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi ngoba ngemva kokuba akanakho ane-alikhali futhi acid.

Isici chemical izakhiwo wabonakaliswa lezisekelo futhi ukusabela kwabo ne nosawoti. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi nosawoti oncibilikayo ukusabela ukuza alikhali kuphela. Izici kwesakhiwo yalezi izinto eziholela ukuthi usawoti entsha, entsha, ngokuvamile zingaxazululeki, ayehlala kuwo lapho ekuleso simo.

Ekugcineni, izakhiwo amakhemikhali ngezizathu kahle azibonakali ngesikhathi umphumela ezishisayo kubo - bafudumale. Lapha, enifeza ucwaningo oluthile, kubalulekile ukuba sikhumbule ukuthi cishe yonke lezisekelo, ngaphandle alikhali, behave lapho ukufuthelana sibi kakhulu. Iningi lazo cishe ngokushesha ubola ku oxide namanzi okuhambisanayo. Uma sithatha izinsimbi base ezifana isiliva mercury ezimweni ezijwayelekile abakwazi etholwe, njengoba kakade uqale ukubola emazingeni okushisa okuvamile.