Izingxenye zenduku yomgogodla. Imisebenzi yomthambo womgogodla

Uhlelo lwezintambo zomgogodla lubhekwa njengendawo engaphambili kakhulu yomzimba. Ubuningi balesi sigaba kumuntu omdala lungaba ngu-34-38 g. Njengoba ingxenye ephakathi yesimiso sezinzwa iqhubekela phambili ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, isilinganiso esiphakathi kobuchopho nomgogodla sishintsha ekuthandeni kwangaphambili. Okulandelayo, ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi isakhiwo siyini, yimiphi imisebenzi eyenza yona.

I-General Biology

Umthambo womgogodla ungumzimba wesimo esingavamile esingumgogodla. Ubude bayo emadodeni buba ngu-45, kwabesifazane kuba ngu-41-42 cm. Izingxenye ezihlukene zenduku yomgogodla ziyavela. Esikhathini ngasinye isayithi umzimba unamazinga ahlukene. Ngakho-ke, isifunda se-thoracic sine-sagittal usayizi (kule ndege kusukela emuva kuya esiswini) - cishe 8 mm. Ububanzi bale ndawo buyi-10 mm. Ukuqina kuqala lapho izingxenye ze-II-III (umlomo wesibeletho) zikhona. Kule ndawo, ububanzi bufinyelela ku-13-14 mm. Usayizi we-sagittal u-9 mm. Emnyangweni, ovela ku-lumbar wokuqala kuya kwesigcawu sesibili se-sacral, ububanzi bungaba ngu-12 mm. Isayizi sagittal yayo ngu-9 mm. Umzimba wonke uhlukaniswe ezindaweni ezithile (inani lezigaba zomgogodla luzovela ngezansi). Okulandelayo, cabangela izakhi ezikhona zesakhiwo.

Izingxenye zenduku yomgogodla: isithombe, incazelo

Umzimba unamalungu afanayo (homomorphic). Izingxenye zomthambo womgogodla zixhunywe nge-conductor yezinzwa ezinezindawo ezithile emzimbeni. Ubude bale ndawo noma leyo ndawo yomzimba buhlukile. Inani lezingxenye zomgogodla ungama-31. Izakhi ezimbalwa kunendawo ye-coccygeal. Esakhiweni kukhona:

• Izingxenye ze-Lumbar (5).
• Sacral (5).
• I-Thoracic (12).
• I-Coccygeal (1).
• Izingxenye zomgogodla wesibeletho (8).

Ukulandisa okugcina okungaba ngu-23.2% ubude besakhiwo sonke. Okubaluleke kakhulu (56.4%) ziphethe izingxenye ze-thoracic. 7.3% ubude buhlala endaweni yama-sacral. Izingxenye zenduku yomgogodla ngaphandle zimelela izinqubo ezihamba phambili ezivela ezimpandeni - izinzwa ze-posterior ne-anterior. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isakhiwo asigcwalisi sonke isiteshi. Kule ndaba, izingxenye zomgogodla zitholakala phezulu kune-vertebrae efanayo. Kulesi simo, umehluko phakathi kokunyuka kwesinye nesesibili ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi.

Indawo:

I-skeleotopia eguquguqukayo ngabanye yamasayithi. Isibonelo, isifunda esingaphansi esifundeni se-lumbar singatholakala kubantu abadala kusukela kwesithathu esingaphansi komzimba we-XI vertebra ye-thoracic ku-disc phakathi kwe-vertebrae yokuqala neyesibili. Kulokhu, isici esithile sibonakala. Uma izimpande ezingenhla zihamba ngendlela ehamba phambili, ukuqhubeka phansi kwesiteshi, okuphakeme kuzoba isayithi lokuphumayo elihlobene nokuvulwa kwe-intervertebral yokungena. Izakhi zokugcina zibheke ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwezinga lapho umgogodla uphela khona. Yonke le nqwaba ikhiqizwe ngentambo yokuphela. Ibizwa ngokuthi i- "ponytail".

Susa intambo

Ukusuka kwesigaba sesibili se-lumbar ngaphansi komthambo womgogodla uba yinto ekhethekile yokwakheka. Ibizwa ngokuthi "intambo yokuphela". Yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko nge-ambulance ye-cerebral soft. Endaweni yayo engenhla kukhona amangqamuzana anomzimba. Umcibisholo wokuphela unamahlobo amabili. Kungaba ngaphakathi. Kulolu cala, lidlula emadodeni kuya kwi-vertebra yesibili e-sacrum. Umucu wokuphela ungaba ngaphandle. Kulesi simo, lidlulisela ngaphezu kwe-vertebra yesibili ye-coccyx. I-filament yangaphandle ifaneleka iqukethe ukuqhutshwa kwezifucu zomzimba. Ingxenyeni yokuphela yangaphakathi inebude obuyi-16, kanti intambo yokuphela yangaphandle inebude buka-8 cm.

I-Dissymmetry

Izingxenye zenduku yomgogodla azihambisani ngokuphelele. Ubude obungalingani kanye nezinga elihlukile lokuhamba kwezimpande kakade kubhekwe esigabeni sokuthuthukiswa kwamabriyoni. Ngemuva kokuzalwa, i-dissymmetry iyanda ngesikhathi. Kuhluke kakhulu endaweni ye-thoracic. Ku-dissymmetry yangasese yangemva kwempande kukhulunywa kakhulu kunakuqala. Ngokusobala, lesi senzakalo sihlotshaniswa nokwehlukana kokungenwa kwemisipha kanye nemisipha engxenyeni engakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla yomzimba womuntu.

Izici zangaphakathi zezici

Cabangela kafushane isakhiwo sesigaba somgogodla. Esikhathini ngasinye kukhona i-disk - ipuleti, etholakala ngokuzungezile. Ezingeni laleli sayithi kudlula ukuxhumana kwe-neural. Isikhundla sabo siphinde siphezulu. Phakathi kwama-disks kunezixhumanisi eziqondile ze-neural. Ngakho-ke, izakhi zingamelwa njenge-stack yamacwecwe. Bona, nabo, bahlangene nokuxhumana kwe-inter-neural. Ekubunjweni kwezimpande zangaphakathi, i-axons yamaseli wezimpondo ezihambelanayo ze-spinal cord iqhaza. Izindwangu ze-Preganglionic zentuthuko kanye neyomfutho zikhona kuzo; Izimpande ezingemuva ziqukethe izakhiwo ezihlukene. Ziyizinqubo ze-neurons ze-ganglion. Inani eliphelele lezintambo ezikhona ezimpandeni ezingemuva ziyi-1 million ezihlangothini ngalunye; Ezingxenyeni zangaphambili, cishe ku-200,000 kubonakala kule nkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kungukulinganiselwa ko-5: 1. Abamele

Ukusabalalisa kwenani lezintambo zezimpande ezingemuva ngaphezu kwalabo abakhona esifundeni esingaphansi kuncane. Isibonelo, kumagundane, amagundane nezinja isilinganiso esingu 2.5: 1. Lokhu, ke, kubonisa enye yamaphethini wokuziphendukela kwemvelo yesimiso sezinzwa zazo zonke izilwanyana eziphilayo. Kuqukethe ukuthi ukwakheka kwamashaneli wokufaka kusebenza kakhulu kunokukhipha. Lezi zinsuku zizinzile. Inombolo yezintambo zamagciwane ezimpandeni ezingemuva nangaphakathi zangaphakathi kwesinye somgogodla, njengombuso, zihlukile. Umehluko ungaba ku-59% wenani lezakhiwo ohlangothini lapho kuncane khona.

Grey indaba

Esigabeni esiphambanweni, sibalo esifana nesigqabha, ukuveza amaphiko, noma incwadi H. Izimpondo zangemuva, zangaphambili nezihlangothini zivelele. Ukuma kwabo kuyashintsha phakathi nenkambo yomgogodla. Esikhathini esihlotshaniswa nezimpondo zesikhashana esilandelayo nesifuba, ukubunjwa okubonakalayo kwezinhlobo ze-reticular kuyatholakala. Udaba olumpunga luba ngu-5 cm ³ (cishe ngo-17,8%) wevolumu yenamba yomgogodla. Inombolo ye-neurons ekhona kuyo cishe ayizigidi ezingu-13,5. Zibumbene zibe ngamaqembu amathathu: ezihamba phambili, isibopho, ezihamba phambili. Indaba ebomvu iyisithako esikhethekile sesakhiwo. Nazi ezinye zezintambo zomgogodla zibekiwe. Ukuthukuthela okuvela ezintanjeni ezihlukene ngenxa yobuningi bezibopho kungenzeka kuzo zombili izinkomba ezihlayo nezenyukayo. Bona, ngendlela yabo, bavusa impendulo evamile yemoto.

Udaba olumhlophe

Iqukethe izindlela zokubala, izinkampani zokuzibandakanya kanye nezokuhlanganyela. Lezi zingxenyana zihamba ngezinyathelo zomgogodla futhi zihambisana nazo zonke izintambo zomgogodla. Izindlela zokuhamba zihamba nge-spike emhlophe. Itholakala phakathi kwesigxobo sangaphakathi esiphakathi kanye nezindaba ezimpunga (ukuxhuma ama-halves alo). Izindlela zokuqhamuka (ukwehla (ephumelelayo) nokukhuphuka (okuhambelanayo) zinikeza isixhumanisi ebuchosheni.

Igazi

Ukugeleza kwegazi kwenziwa ngenethiwekhi yezikebhe eziningi. Basuka phezulu kwe-subclavian, i-thyroid ne- vertebral arteries. Futhi, izitsha zisakazwa esiteshini lapho izingxenye zesigaba sesibili nesithathu zomgogodla zikhona. Kule ndawo, igazi liphuma emagatsheni ase-aorta. Amapayipi angaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha we-ardical arteries, efana eduze nokuvuleka kwama-intervertebral, ahlukaniswa ububanzi obuncane (150-200 μm). Bahlinzeka ngegazi kuphela izimpande namagobolondo eduze kwabo. Ekudleni, empeleni, intambo yomgogodla ngokwayo ihileleka emibhoshini engama-5-9 emikhulu (400-800 microns). Zonke lezi zitsha aziphelelwa amandla. Bangena esiteshini emazingeni ahlukene: khona-ke ngakwesokudla, khona-ke ngokusebenzisa umgodi wesokunxele. Lezi zitho zomzimba zibizwa ngokuthi i-trunk noma i-radicular-medullary. Inombolo enkulu kunazo zonke ayihlali njalo. Kunamachibi amathathu ama-vascular:

• Iphezulu noma i-cervico-dorsal. It inikeza indawo lapho izingxenye zomgogodla C1-Th3 zikhona.
• Ephakathi noma ephakathi. Ukuze ithwale izindawo Th4-Th8.
• Okuphansi. Idla indawo engezansi kwezinga le-Th9.

I-artery yangaphakathi yomgogodla idlulisela kuphela izingcezu eziningana zesakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayimelwe njengesikebhe esisodwa. I-chain of anastomoses yemithi eminingi emikhulu yama-radicular-medullary. Ukugeleza kwegazi ku-artery yangaphakathi yomgogodla kuya ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ezingxenyeni ezingenhla - kusuka phezulu phezulu, phakathi - kusukela phansi kuze kube phezulu, nangaphansi kwehla nangaphezulu.

Imisebenzi emikhulu

Kunemisebenzi emibili eyinhloko yomgogodla. Owokuqala uyinkomba, owesibili ungumqhubi owodwa. Ingxenye ngayinye ihlotshaniswa nemizimba ethize futhi iqinisekisa umsebenzi nomsebenzi wabo. Isibonelo, izakhi ze-sacral zibhekisela emilenzeni nasezinzimbeni zomzimba futhi zibhekene nomsebenzi walezi zindawo ze-trunk. Lokhu noma ingxenye ye-thoracic ixhumana nezitho nezimo ezifanele. Izakhi eziphezulu zixhunyiwe nekhanda nezandla. Imisebenzi eguquguqukayo yensimu yomgogodla i- reflexes elula emvelo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, ikakhulukazi, ukusabela ebuhlungu - umuntu udonsa isandla sakhe, isibonelo. Futhi, lesi sigaba sihlanganisa i -reflex ye-knee-jerk eyaziwa . Ekubonisweni kwalokhu kuthinta, ubuchopho bungase bungabambi iqhaza. Le mbono ibonakala ngokuhlolwa okujwayelekile nezilwane. Uma kungekho ikhanda, le frog yasabela kokubili kokuqina okuqinile nokubuthakathaka. Imisebenzi yomqhubi womgogodla ihlanganiswe ekudluliseni umfutho. Okokuqala uyakhuphuka. Endleleni ekhuphukayo, umfutho ufaka ebuchosheni, futhi kusukela lapho uthunyelwa njengomyalo ophikisayo owenziwe. Ngenxa yalokhu uxhumano lomqhubi, noma yikuphi ukucabanga kwengqondo kubonakala: uthathe, hamba, uphakamise, uphakamise, usike, ugijime, uphonsa, udwebe. Futhi, imisebenzi yomqhubi womgogodla inikeza ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo abantu, ngaphandle kokuqaphela, bazibophezela nsuku zonke emsebenzini noma ekhaya.

Izimpondo zesikhathi esizayo

Lezi zakhi zinemisebenzi yazo. Amangqamuzana anomzwelo wesakhiwo se-nervousic autonomic asezindaweni zezimpondo zangasese (indawo ephakathi kwendaba eluhlaza). Kungenxa ngosizo lwabo ukuthi ukuxhumana nezitho zangaphakathi kwenziwa. Lawa maseli anezinqubo ezixhunywe ezimpandeni zangaphakathi. Kule ndawo kunendlela yokwakhiwa: esifundeni sezingxenye zezingxenye ezimbili eziphezulu zomgogodla kukhona isifunda esivela emhlane - inqwaba yezinzwa eziningi ezihlobene nezifunda zokusebenza komcibisholo emisebenzini yobuchopho kanye ne-reflex. Umsebenzi wezinwele ezimhlophe nezimhlophe ezimhlophe, izimpande zangaphambili nangemuva zibizwa ngokuthi ukuphendulela kwe-reflex. I-reflexes ngokwayo ibizwa ngokuthi ayinemibandela, njengoba i-Pavlov ichazwe.

Izindlela ezikhuphukayo

Izintambo zangaphambili zezinto ezimhlophe zinemigwaqo eminingi, ngayinye eyenza imisebenzi ethile:

• I-cortico-spinal (anterior pyramidal) inesibopho sokudluliselwa kwezimoto ezisuka ku-cortex ebuchosheni kuya ezimpondweni zangaphakathi ku-dorsal.
• Ubuso bomgogodla buhlinzeka ubuzwe obunamandla.
• Iqembu leLevental neGeld - i-white matter fibers ixhuma i-nuclei ye-vestibular yezingxenye ezingu-8 zomzimba we-cranial-brain brain nepheons ne-neurons ezimpondo zangaphakathi.
• Indlela yokugubungela umgogodla yakha i-reflex evikelayo, ehambisana nokucubungula okubukwayo noma okubukwayo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuxhumanisa izikhungo ezibukwayo ngaphansi kwe-cortex ebuchosheni ne-nuclei ezimpondweni zangaphakathi.
• I-borrow longitudinal inikeza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ocular kanye neminye imisipha, ngenxa yokubopha izingxenye ezingenhla esihlahleni somgogodla.
• I-pulse yokuzwela okujulile idlula emigwaqeni ekhuphukayo. Ngenxa yalokho, uthola umuzwa womzimba wakho kumuntu. Izimpucuko zidlula u-spinalotal, intambo yomgogodla nomgogodla we-cortico-spinal.

Yehla izindlela

Ukudluliselwa komfutho kusuka ku-cortex ebuchosheni kuya kwi-grey in izimpondo zangaphakathi kwenziwa nge-canal coral-spinal canal. I-cerebro-spinal cord inikeza ukulungiswa okuzenzakalelayo komsindo we-muscle nokunyakaza ezingeni eliphansi. Lesi siteshi sitholakala ngaphambi kwe-lateral-pyramidal eyodwa. Ikholomu yomgogodla nomthambo womgogodla kuhambisana nomzila ovuvu-nuclear-spinal path.

Izici zobudala

Izinguquko zesikhashana zithinta kokubili isakhiwo somgogodla kanye nesimo sendawo. Engxenyeni yesibili ye-intrauterine period ukukhula, ukukhula kwayo kancane kancane. Ikakhulukazi, iyalandela ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa kwikholomu yomgogodla. Futhi lokhu kuqhubeka isikhathi eside. Izinsana zinezigaxa ezixubile esifundeni se-vertebra ye-lumbar yesithathu, kanti omdala uphela ezingeni le-vertebra yokuqala noma yesibili. Ngesikhathi sonke sokukhula, ubude besakhiwo buyanda ngo 2.7 r. Lokhu kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ze-thoracic. Ubuningi besakhiwo senyuke izikhathi ezingaba ngu-6-7. Ukukhula kwegciwane elimhlophe nelimpunga lendwangu yomgogodla kungenalutho. Umthamo wokunyuka kokuqala ngo-14, nowesibili - ngezikhathi ezingu-5. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi ekuthuthukisweni kwayo kwezingxenye zezinhlelo zokusebenza kugcwaliswe ngaphambili kunalendlela yokuhlola i-neural.

Ekuphethweni

Phakathi kwe-dorsal kanye ne-cerebrum, isimiso se-central central, zonke izitho nezitho zomuntu, uxhumano oluyingqayizivele luyasungulwa. Kubhekwa ngokuthi "iphupho lama-robotics". Kuze kube manje, akekho, ngisho ne-robot yesimanje kakhulu, ayikwazi ukufeza zonke lezo zenzo nezinyathelo ezenzekayo ezingaphansi kwesimo semvelo. Imishini enjalo yanamuhla ihlelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ekhethekile kakhulu. Ngokuvamile lezi robots zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza okuzenzakalelayo. Ubuningi bomgogodla ngamaphesenti buhluka phakathi kwabameleli bezwe lesilwane. Isibonelo, ku-frog - 45, izivunguvungu - 120, amagundane - 36, ama-macaques - 12, izinja - 18, kanye nendoda - 2. Esikhathini sohlaka lomgogodla, izici ezijwayelekile zesakhiwo kanye nezikhathi ezivamile zendawo yesigungu sezinzwa zibonakala ngokucacile.