Izinhlobo amaxhaphozi kanye nezici zabo

Lesi sihloko Kuzoxoxwa ngani omunye zokwakheka ezivamile yemvelo, okuyinto icebo rehumidified phansi ebusweni ungqimba Peat futhi isici esiyingqayizivele kuphela ezifana amafomu ezindaweni yemifino bazivumelanisa nemibandela ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi ababuthakathaka egijima futhi umswakama ngokweqile.

Kube izokwethulwa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene amaxhaphozi ezinezici emfushane.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Kukhona 3 izici eziyinhloko amaxhaphozi:

• Redundancy amanzi amile.
• Ukuba khona nje othize, sici for amaxhaphozi kwezimila.
• Peat inqubo kumiswa.

Amaxhaphozi sivame ukubizwa endaweni lapho izimpande isitshalo ayikwazi ukufinyelela amaminerali inhlabathi.

kumiswa

Ngaphambi wazi, yini izinhlobo ezinkulu kwamaxhaphozi, ukuze sithole ukuthi ziqhuba kanjani akhiwa.

Ukuze ukwakheka izigaba ezifana komsebenzi kudingekile ukugcina umswakama enhlabathini bese phezu yawo, futhi ebuthaka amanzi exchange (e t. H., Futhi komhlaba). Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo kubangelwa umswakama ngokweqile kukwenza ungakwazi ukufinyelela air emhlabathini, ngokuqondene okuyinto kukhona kwakhiwa ukunwetshwa enganele (noma namachibi) izinsalela izimila uyafa futhi Peat is. Kugcine - substrate umhlabathi nge okuqukethwe amanzi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ayiqamba ngokuphelele zezitshalo ukubola. Peat libhekene degrees yokubola obuhlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, degree yokubola 70% kusho ukuthi amaphesenti angu-70 ukubola izitshalo efile, futhi 30 - akukho. Lolu hlobo lwe-substrate kuyinto enhle kakhulu emanzini-eliyifa umthamo, ngakho kukhona okuqukethwe amanzi ngempela high (mayelana 97% yevolumu Imininingwane).

Izinhlobo amaxhaphozi kanye nezici zabo

Ngu ukusuthisa izimo kanye namafomu ukuhlukanisa fen (ehlukile eutrophic), izinhlinzeko zesikhashana (mesotrophic) kanye sehhashi (oligotrophic) ngokulandelana kokuba phakathi, flat futhi convex ebusweni bobunjwa.

Ngaphansi elisezansi (eutrophic) libhekisela emaxhaphozini elise ayimigodi nge ebusweni hydrated futhi phansi amanzi enhlabathini, ecebile nosawoti wamaminerali. Likhuliswe advantageously fed kwezulu emkhathini, engesiyo ocebile kakhulu nosawoti wamaminerali. Marshes kukhona lezivakashi iqembu Lesisemkhatsini.

Izitshalo zinokuphila okunempilo, linqoba kule ndawo, ukuhlukanisa ihlathi, utshani, izihlahlana nezinhlobo moss kwamaxhaphozi. Ngokusho microrelief - inamagquma, flat, convex. Marsh - lawa amaxhaphozi emaxhaphozini.

ixhaphozi Russian

Izinhlobo emaxhaphozini Russian cabanga ngezansi. Nokho - ulwazi jikelele.

Area emaxhaphozini eRussia cishe eziyizigidi ezingu-1,4 izinyawo square. km (mayelana 10% of the surface ezweni). Kulinganiselwa ukuthi anolaka, basuke bagxila azungeze 3000 cubic metres. m static izinqolobane amanzi zemvelo.

Swamp - kungcono impela eziyinkimbinkimbi uhlelo lwemvelo. Siqukethe biotopes oxhumene, izimpawu ogelezayo nokumanzisa eqinile, khona uhlobo izitshalo amanzi-onothando ekuqongeleleni izinsalela ahlukahlukene organic njengoba daka noma Peat. Ezimweni ezihlukahlukene isimo sezulu isiRashiya, nesimo sendawo, futhi kuncike rocks ezihleli bathuthukise izinhlobo ezahlukene emaxhaphozini, ngamunye nezakhi ezihlukene Peat imali, izimo amanzi feed bese abakhwabanisi izici zayo kwezimila.

Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo ugesi Russia emaxhaphozini: ezisezansi, upland kanye zesikhashana.

Imvelo kwamandla

Ngaphansi kwale mibandela sici amandla ehloselwe lwanamuhla ebusweni emaxhaphozini kanye nokuba khona ungqimba engenhla substrate, lapho izimpande izitshalo etholakala. Ukuze uhlobo amaxhaphozi ngamunye ngenhla nje amelwa imithombo yabo amandla.

umswakama okweqile isici esiyinhloko kwanoma iyiphi emaxhaphozini. Kubangela okuvela zezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane nezitshalo, kanye nemibandela ekhethekile humification eyinqaba ukuthi isimo sezulu sifudumele ngokuvamile kuholele akuphelele nokwahlukana izimila izinsalela futhi kumiswa Peat.

Ukusatshalaliswa ezindawo kwamaxhaphozi eRussia

emaxhaphozini Russian luvame cishe zonke izindawo zemvelo, kodwa ikakhulukazi amanzi, ayimigodi ezimanzi ngokweqile. Kwenqwaba babo basuke bagxila ezindaweni ezimaphakathi e enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-West laseSiberia Plain.

amaxhaphozi kakhulu e-Russia - emathafeni futhi ehlathini zone. amaxhaphozi izinhlobo zihlukene. Waterlogging kwezinye izindawo emathafeni 50%. Ezindaweni ehlathini bagxila cishe 80% bogs Peat. Engxenyeni European Russia amaxhaphozi amaningi kukhona Vologda, Leningrad Oblast kanye Republic of Karelia (cishe 40%).

Ehlathini of Western eSiberia sigcwale amanzi baze babe amaphesenti angu-70. Kunezinto eziningi ezihlukahlukene emaxhaphozini naseMpumalanga Ekude, ikakhulu lase-Amur esifundeni.

Distribution kwamaxhaphozi ngohlobo

Izinhlobo kwamaxhaphozi Russian ngokwendawo basakaza Ukuboshelwa. Horse matasa uhhafu wezindleko ixhaphozi ndawo, futhi yibona ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Eliphansi kuyinto esingaphansi kwesigamu (40%) ye endaweni zonke emaxhaphozini. izindawo ezincane kakhulu elalihlala emaxhaphozini inguquko (10%).

Fens, omningi walo emfuleni ezidla noma komhlaba, futhi kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinesomiso. Futhi - ezigodini nasezintabeni deltas wemifula emikhulu. Upland emaxhaphozini ikakhulu bondliwa kwezulu, futhi ngokuvamile ziseZwini ehlathini nezimfunda esishintshashintshayo ezintaba zase-Eurasia. The main okuyingxenye (84%) ka peaty izindawo itholakala engxenyeni Asian yeRussia.

Futhi lokho owandile ixhaphozi uhlobo eNorth? Fens entshonalanga yeSiberia ugajwe 42%. Iningi peaty umhlaba (mayelana 73%) evaleleke endaweni indawo nge eyiqhwa.

ikhava izimila

Ngo fens ubuswa izitshalo ezilandelayo: ezimhlophe birch, Alder, willow, uphayini sonwele. Herb kutholakala ikakhulukazi sedge nokusanhlamvu - umhlanga nomhlanga. Kusukela wona ngokuvamile ukhule wona oluhlaza.

Ukuze bogs zesikhashana 'zinezikhathi birch kanye pine (eSiberia - larch Dahurian futhi laseSiberia, umsedari) futhi willow (kancane esingaphansi kule fens). Herb iyi nezimila ezivamile kuyafana kule fens, kodwa hhayi amaningi kangaka. Ngokuvamile ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana Alpine trichophorum, umhlanga, sedge kanye butylchatuyu sherstistoplodnuyu. Lihlangabezana nohlaza nobuntu bogs.

Ngigibele Yokulila kukhona zikaphayini (umsedari laseSiberia exutshwe ke) kanye larch Dahurian. Bush ayikho lapha nhlobo, kodwa luvame kulezi zindawo iqembu heather: Cassandra, heather, rosemary, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye cranberry. Kukhona kaningi zikhule yemifino birch kanye Crowberry (crowberry). Common ezindaweni ezifana nasezakhini ikhanda ukotini utshani (imbiza), elikhulu tussock-wapheka. Ngokuvamile, uyakwazi ukuthola futhi cloudberry nge sundew. Mosses ivezwa lapha sphagnum kuphela.

Ngakho, uhlobo Peat nohlaza zingenza ukuba yahlulele ukuthi (njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla), ukuthi uhlobo kwamaxhaphozi.

Ekuphetheni, ezindabeni zemvelo

Eminyakeni yamuva, abaningi kukhona ukuphelisa ituthuko engakalungi maqondana ngokweqile, ukuxhashazwa elimazayo kwamaxhaphozi. Okokuqala lokhu kungcola, ngokweqile amanzi eyanele enhlabathini futhi ekukhiqizweni Peat. Futhi, indima ebalulekile kukhala nkinga ngokukhipha kanye zilima, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo Hydrology umbuso nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, uwoyela negesi amapayipi kanye nezinye izikhungo.

Amanzi kwamaxhaphozi ngokuvamile uholela ekubeni Peat umlilo, umhlaba nokucekelwa kanye nokulahlekelwa zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke. Wonke umsebenzi kumele kwenziwe ngokucophelela, kanye nokongiwa oyisibopho iningi namaxhaphozi. Qiniseka ukuthi ulandela imithetho kulondolozwe ukuzinza kwemvelo emvelweni.